??? ?????

??? ?????
??????? ??????
	; ????????? ( IUCN 3.1 )
???????????? ????????????
???/????? :	Animalia ;
???? :	Chordata ;
?????? :	Mammalia ;
???? :	Carnivora ;
??????? :	Ursidae ;
?? :	Ursus ;
??????? :	U. maritimus ;
????????? ???
	Ursus maritimus ; Phipps , 1774
	Polar bear range
???????
	Ursus eogroenlandicus ; Ursus groenlandicus ; Ursus jenaensis ; Ursus labradorensis ; Ursus marinus ; Ursus polaris ; Ursus spitzbergensis ; Ursus ungavensis ; Thalarctos maritimus

??? ????? ?? ???????? ????? ???? ????? ? ???? ???? ??????

???????? [ ???????? ??? ]

?? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????, ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ????????? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ???, ??? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ???????????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ^[3]

????? [ ???????? ??? ]

?? ?????? ?????? ??%??? ???? ???? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ^[4] ??? ?????? ??? ???-??? ????????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ^[5] ??? ????? ???????? ?????, ????? ??? ??????? ???? ????????? ??????? ??????? ^[6] ??? ?????? ???? ???? ???????, ??? ??? ????, ??? ????? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ^[7] ?? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ????????? ???? ????? "??????? ?????"? ?? ????????? ???? ?????- ???, ??????? ???? ????????? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????, ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????

??-????? ???????? ??? ??? ????? [ ???????? ??? ]

??-????? ????????? ???? ????????? ??? ?????? ???????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ????????? ????-??????? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ??????????? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ??????? ????, ?????????? ??? ?'??? ???, ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ^[8]

?? ????????? ??? ???? ??? ????? [ ???????? ??? ]

????????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ???????????? ??????????, ??????? ??? ?????????? ?????? ?? ?????? ^[9] ??????? ??? ?????? '?'??? ??????' ?? '???????? ?????' ??? '?????' ????? ?????? ???? ????? ????????? ?? ??????? ????? ????? ^[10]

???? ?????? [ ???????? ??? ]

↑ Schliebe et al. (2008). Ursus maritimus . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Retrieved on 5 ????? 2010.
↑ Phipps, John (1774). A voyage towards the North Pole undertaken by His Majesty's command, 1773 /by Constantine John Phipps. . London :Printed by W. Bowyer and J. Nicols, for J. Nourse. ??????. 185 . http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/628763 ? ???? ??? ????: 8 ?????? 2008 .
↑ Polar Bears . University of Michigan Press . https://books.google.com/books?id=ViOiGWPQRjIC .
↑ "Polar bear, ( Ursus maritimus )" (PDF). United States Fish and Wildlife service . http://www.fws.gov/endangered/esa-library/pdf/polar_bear.pdf ? ???? ??? ????: 9 September 2009 . "Appearance. The polar bear is the largest member of the bear family, with the exception of Alaska's Kodiak brown bears, which equal polar bears in size."
↑ "Basic Facts About Polar Bears" . https://defenders.org/polar-bear/basic-facts ? ???? ??? ????: 13 June 2019 .
↑ ????:MSW3 Carnivora
↑ " Ursus Maritimus " . University of Michigan Museum of Zoology . http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Ursus_maritimus.html ? ???? ??? ????: 27 October 2007 .
↑ "Why is polar bear hunting allowed?" Error in Webarchive template: Empty url. . Retrieved 8 July 2015.
↑ "Definition of 'white bear ' " . Collins English Dictionary . Glasgow, Scotland: HarperCollins Publishers LLC . Retrieved 21 October 2017 .
↑ The Arctic Sounder

[iucn31-1] Schliebe et al. (2008). Ursus maritimus . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Retrieved on 5 ????? 2010.

[Phipps1774-2] Phipps, John (1774). A voyage towards the North Pole undertaken by His Majesty's command, 1773 /by Constantine John Phipps. . London :Printed by W. Bowyer and J. Nicols, for J. Nourse. ??????. 185 . http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/628763 ? ???? ??? ????: 8 ?????? 2008 .

[StirlingGuravich1998-3] Polar Bears . University of Michigan Press . https://books.google.com/books?id=ViOiGWPQRjIC .

[4] "Polar bear, ( Ursus maritimus )" (PDF). United States Fish and Wildlife service . http://www.fws.gov/endangered/esa-library/pdf/polar_bear.pdf ? ???? ??? ????: 9 September 2009 . "Appearance. The polar bear is the largest member of the bear family, with the exception of Alaska's Kodiak brown bears, which equal polar bears in size."

[5] "Basic Facts About Polar Bears" . https://defenders.org/polar-bear/basic-facts ? ???? ??? ????: 13 June 2019 .

[MSW3-6] ????:MSW3 Carnivora

[7] " Ursus Maritimus " . University of Michigan Museum of Zoology . http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Ursus_maritimus.html ? ???? ??? ????: 27 October 2007 .

[8] "Why is polar bear hunting allowed?" Error in Webarchive template: Empty url. . Retrieved 8 July 2015.

[9] "Definition of 'white bear ' " . Collins English Dictionary . Glasgow, Scotland: HarperCollins Publishers LLC . Retrieved 21 October 2017 .

[:1-10] The Arctic Sounder

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]