??? ?????????
(
??????
:
Biodiversity
) ? ????? ???????? ????????? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ???????? ??? ???????????? ?????? ???????, ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ???????? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??, ?????, ???? ???????? ????????? ??? ???????? ????????? ???????? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ???????? ??? ???????? ?.?.???? (E.A.Norse) ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ???????? ????? ?????? ??? ????????? ?'? ??, ???? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???-????? ??? ??????? ?????????
[1]
Coral reefs
are amongst the most diverse ecosystems on earth.
Rainforests
are an example of biodiversity on the planet and typically possess a great deal of species diversity. This is the
Gambia River
in
Senegal
's
Niokolo-Koba National Park
.
???-?????????? ????????????
[
???????? ???
]
??? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? -
- ?????? ????????? (Genetic diversity)
??? ??? ?????????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ????
???? ????
? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ??????? ????????? ??? ??? ???????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?????????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ????????? ?????
- ??????? ????????? (Species diversity)
?? ???? ????????? ??? ???????? ????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ???????? ????? (Wilson 1992)? ???
?????
? ?? ???????? ??? ?? ???????? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ?.? ??????? ????? ???????? ??? ?, ??, ??? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ???????? ????? ????????
???????
? ??? ???????? ????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??????????? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ???? (Index) ??????? ??? ??? - ???'? ????? ???? (Shannon Wiener Idex) ??? ??????? ???? (Simpson Index)?
- ????????? ????????? (Ecosystem diversity)
??????? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ????????? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ?????????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?????????? ?????? ??? ??? ????????? ????????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????, ????: ??????, ??????, ??????????, ??????? ?????????? ????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????, ?????????? ???????? ?????, ??????? ?????? ???????? ????? ??? ?????????????????? ???????????? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ???????????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ???????? ????
[1]
A
conifer forest
in the
Swiss Alps
(
National Park
).
????? ???-??????? ??????????
[
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????????? ??????
? ???????? ???? ???????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ???
????
? ??????????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????????? ?????? ???,??? ??? ????? ???????? ?????????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ?????????? (Biodiversity hot spots) ???? ????? ????? ???? ???????? ?????? ???
????? ??????????
? ??? ???? ????????? ?????? ???????? ???? ???????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ??????? ???????????? ??? ??? ??? '???-??????? ????????????' ???? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ????????
??????
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? ??? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????
- ???????? ??????
(Trans Himalayan):
???????
? ???? ???? ???????
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?? ?? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ?, ??, ??? ??????????????
- ???????
(Himalayan): ?? ?????? ????? ??????
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- ???????
(Desert): ?? ??????
????
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(Semi Arid region):
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- ?????????
(Western Ghat):
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- ?????? ???????? ?????
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?????????
, ???? ????????? ?????, ???? ??????? ????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?? ?? ????? ????? ????? ??? ???????? ??, ??, ??? ??????????????
- ?????? ??????
(Gangetic Plain):
?????
? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ???????? ?, ??, ??? ??????????????
- ?????
(Coasts): ??? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ?? ????? ????? ????? ??? ???????? ??, ??? ??????????????
- ????? ??? ????
(North East India): ?? ?????
???????????
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- ??????????
(Islands):
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???????????
? ?? ?? ????? ????? ????? ???????? ?, ??? ??????????????
[1]
??? ?????????? ???????
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??????? ??????? (Consumptive use)
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(Wild plants) ????? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ??, ??? ??????
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????????? ????????? ????? (Productive use values)
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??????? ????? (Social Value)
??? ?????????? ??????? ????, ????-?????,
????
, ???? ????????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???????
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(Ethical Value) ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ????: "???? ???? ??????? ???? ????? " ???? ??? ????????? ??? ?????????
?????????????? ?????
(Aesthetic Value) ??? ???????????? ??? ???? ?????????????? ????? ????? ?? ????
???????
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?????? ????????
(Eco-tourism) ???? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ????
[1]
?????? ??????? ???? ?????
(Ecosystern service value)