???

?????????? ? ??? ??? ( ?????? : organism ) ???? ?????? , ?????? ???? ??????????? ? ??? ?????? ????????? ???? ????????? ??????? ??????? ???? ? ?????? ??% ???????, ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ^[1], ??????? ?? ?'? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ^[2]^[3] ??????? ??????? ?????? ?? ? ??? ?? ????? ???????? ^[4] ??? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ?.? ????? ???????? ???? ????????? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ??%? ????? ???? ???????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???? ??? ???? ???? ^[5]

???? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ??????????? ???????? ? ????? ?????? ?????, ?????? ???, ?????? ??? ????? ??? ??? ???????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ? ?????? ????; ???? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ; ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ????????? ?????? ? ???????? ???? ???? ????, ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????, ??????? ???????? ??? ??????????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ^[6] ???????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ? ?????? ???? ??????? ????

??? ??? ???'??????????? ???? ????????????? ?? ????? ?????????????? ?????? ???? ???? ???????? ? ??????, ??????????? ??? ???????? ? ????????????? ???? ???? ?????????? ??????????? ??? ??????? ??? ????????? ??????? ???????? ?????? (???? ????'??????????, ????????? ???) ????? ^[7] ????????????? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? , ?????? ??? ?????? ?

???? ?????? [ ???????? ??? ]

↑ The Biology of Rarity: Causes and consequences of rare?common differences . 31 December 1996. ISBN 978-0412633805 . https://books.google.com/books?id=4LHnCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA110&lpg=PA110&dq#v=onepage&q&f=false ? ???? ??? ????: 26 May 2015 .
↑ Stearns, Beverly Peterson; Stearns, S. C.; Stearns, Stephen C. (2000). Watching, from the Edge of Extinction . Yale University Press . ??????. 1921. ISBN 978-0-300-08469-6 . http://books.google.com/books?id=0BHeC-tXIB4C&pg=PA1921 ? ???? ??? ????: 2014-12-27 .
↑ Novacek, Michael J. (8 November 2014). "Prehistory’s Brilliant Future" . New York Times . http://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/09/opinion/sunday/prehistorys-brilliant-future.html ? ???? ??? ????: 2014-12-25 .
↑ G. Miller; Scott Spoolman (2012). Environmental Science - Biodiversity Is a Crucial Part of the Earth's Natural Capital . Cengage Learning . ??????. 62. ISBN 1-133-70787-4 . http://books.google.com/books?id=NYEJAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA62 ? ???? ??? ????: 2014-12-27 .
↑ Mora, C.; Tittensor, D.P.; Adl, S.; Simpson, A.G.; Worm, B. (23 August 2011). "How many species are there on Earth and in the ocean?" . PLOS Biology ???? 9 : e1001127. doi : 10.1371/journal.pbio.1001127 . PMID 21886479 .
↑ Max Planck Society Research News Release Accessed 21 May 2009
↑ PMID 3113314 ( PubMed )
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[Book-Biology-1] The Biology of Rarity: Causes and consequences of rare?common differences . 31 December 1996. ISBN 978-0412633805 . https://books.google.com/books?id=4LHnCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA110&lpg=PA110&dq#v=onepage&q&f=false ? ???? ??? ????: 26 May 2015 .

[StearnsStearns2000-2] Stearns, Beverly Peterson; Stearns, S. C.; Stearns, Stephen C. (2000). Watching, from the Edge of Extinction . Yale University Press . ??????. 1921. ISBN 978-0-300-08469-6 . http://books.google.com/books?id=0BHeC-tXIB4C&pg=PA1921 ? ???? ??? ????: 2014-12-27 .

[NYT-20141108-MJN-3] Novacek, Michael J. (8 November 2014). "Prehistory’s Brilliant Future" . New York Times . http://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/09/opinion/sunday/prehistorys-brilliant-future.html ? ???? ??? ????: 2014-12-25 .

[MillerSpoolman2012-4] G. Miller; Scott Spoolman (2012). Environmental Science - Biodiversity Is a Crucial Part of the Earth's Natural Capital . Cengage Learning . ??????. 62. ISBN 1-133-70787-4 . http://books.google.com/books?id=NYEJAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA62 ? ???? ??? ????: 2014-12-27 .

[PLoS-20110823-5] Mora, C.; Tittensor, D.P.; Adl, S.; Simpson, A.G.; Worm, B. (23 August 2011). "How many species are there on Earth and in the ocean?" . PLOS Biology ???? 9 : e1001127. doi : 10.1371/journal.pbio.1001127 . PMID 21886479 .

[6] Max Planck Society Research News Release Accessed 21 May 2009

[cavaliersmith1987-7] PMID 3113314 ( PubMed )
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