???? ??????
??? ??	???? ???? ?   ????? ??????
?  ? ?  ?
??? ??	???? ???? ???? ??????
???? ??? ???? ??????  - ????????? ?????
?????

?? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ?????????? ?? ?????? ??????, ??? ?????????? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ? ????? ????? ????? (?????? ????? Z), ????? ??????? ????????? ?? ?????? ?????????? ?? ?????.

?? ????? 118 ????, ??? 94 ???? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ???? 24 ??????? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ????? ?? ????????? ???????, ???????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? (???????? ??????) ???? ?????? ?????, ?? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????.

??? ???? [ ????? ]

• ????? ??????? ????????? ??????

?????? ?????? [ ????? ]

• ???? ?????? ? ??? ???????? ????? ? ????? ??? ????????? ??????
• ???? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????
• ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ???????? (BnF)
• ???? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????????
• ???? ?????? ???? ?????????? ???????
• ???? ?????? ???? ????? ???????? (LCAuth)
• ???? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ???????
• ???? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ??????

???? ???? [ ????? ]

• Ball, P. (2004). The Elements: A Very Short Introduction . Oxford University Press . ISBN   978-0-19-284099-8 .
• Emsley, J. (2003). Nature's Building Blocks: An A?Z Guide to the Elements . Oxford University Press . ISBN   978-0-19-850340-8 .
• Gray, T. (2009). The Elements: A Visual Exploration of Every Known Atom in the Universe . Black Dog & Leventhal Publishers Inc. ISBN   978-1-57912-814-2 .
• Scerri, E.R. (2007). The Periodic Table, Its Story and Its Significance . Oxford University Press .
• Strathern, P. (2000). Mendeleyev's Dream: The Quest for the Elements . Hamish Hamilton Ltd . ISBN   978-0-241-14065-9 . {{ cite book }} : Unknown parameter |????= ignored ( help )
• Kean, Sam (2011). The Disappearing Spoon: And Other True Tales of Madness, Love, and the History of the World from the Periodic Table of the Elements . Back Bay Books.
• Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, ed. (1997). Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 2nd ed. (the 'Gold Book') . doi : 10.1351/goldbook . ISBN   978-0-9678550-9-7 . {{ cite book }} : Cite uses deprecated parameter |authors= ( help )

  XML on-line corrected version: created by M. Nic, J. Jirat, B. Kosata; updates compiled by A. Jenkins.

?????? ?????? [ ????? ]

• Videos for each element by the University of Nottingham
• 'Chemical Elements' , In Our Time , BBC Radio 4 discussion with Paul Strathern, Mary Archer and John Murrell (May 25, 2000).

???? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????????

??? ?????? ?? ?????? ????????? ?????? ??:

??????? ?????????