????? ???

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????? ??????? (1517?1805) ; ?????? ????? ????? (1805?1914)
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???? ????? (?????)	1517?1520
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???? ?? (?????)	1517?1522
??????? ??????? (??????)	1863?1867
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?? ?????? ???? (?????)	1857?1858
???? ???? ???? (??????)	1866?1867
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????? ?????????	22 ????? 1517
?????? ????????	1798?1801
??????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??????	1801?1805
???? ???? ??? ???? ??? ???????	1820?1822
????? ??????? ????????? ??????	1831?1833
???????? ??????? ???	1867
??? ??? ???????? ?????????	1882
??????? ??????????	8 ????? 1914
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1700	2,335,000 ????
1867	6,076,000 ????
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??????	?????, ; (??? 1834) ; ?????? ; (1834?1867)
????? ??? ??	??? ; ?????? ; ?????? ; ????? ; ????? ; ???? ??????? ; ; ????? ; ?????? ; ????? ; ??????? ; ?????? ; ; ??? ; ??????? ; ???????? ; ????? ???? ; ???????
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	????? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? 1863.
	?????

????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ?? ???????????? ????????? ??? ??? ?????????? ? ????? ??? ????????? ??? 1517. ? ??? ?????????? ??????? ??? ??????? ( ????? ) ?????????????. ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? 1914? ??? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ??19 ? ???? ??? ??????? ?????????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ??? 1882.

??? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ???????? ? ??? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ????. ???? ????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??? ???????? ??? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?? ??? 1798. ? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ???????-????? ????????? ?? ??? 1801? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ??? 1805 ????? ???? ??? ??????.

??? ?? ??? ???? ???? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ?????. ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ? ????? ???????????? ?????- ?? 1831-1833 ? 1839-1841 . ??????? ???????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? 1867. ^??? ??????? ???? (??????? ?? 1867 ?1879) ?????? ???? (??????? ?? 1879 ?1892) ??? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ????????? ??? ???????? ????????? ??? 1882. ??? ???? ?????? ??? (1867?1914) ????? ??????? ???? ??????? ??? 5 ?????? 1914? ^[1] ??? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ???????? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???????????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ??????. ?? ????? ???????? (??????-?????? 1914).

????? [ ????? ]

?????? ????????? ??????? [ ????? ]

?????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?? ????? ???

??? ??? ??????? ?? 6000 ? ? ??? 3100 ? ?

??? ????????? ?? 3100 ? ? ??? 525 ? ?

??? ????????? ?? 525 ? ? ??? 332 ? ?

??? ???????? ?? 332 ? ? ??? 30 ? ?

??? ????????? ?? 30 ? ? ??? 200 ?

??? ??????? ?? 200 ? ??? 639 ?

???????????? ?? 639 ? ??? 1250 ?

???????????? ?? 1250 ? ??? 1517 ?

??? ????????? ?? 1517 ? ??? 1805 ?

??? ??????? 1805 ? ??? 1952 ?

??? ??????? ?? 1952 ? ??? ??????

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??? ??? ??? ??? 1517? ???? ??????? ???????? ???? ????? ??????. ??? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ??? . ??? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ???????? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ? ???? ??? ???????? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ?????????? ?? ????? ??? ???? . ????? ??? ????????? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ???????? ? ?????? ??????? ???????? .

????? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ???????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????. ??? ?? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? 12 ??????? ? ???? ?? ????? ??? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ???????? ? ????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????????. ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ???????? . ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ????? ????? ??? ??? ?? ???. ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ? ??? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ?? ??????????? ? ??? ???? ???? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ???????? ?????. ????? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ????. ? ??? ???? ???? ???? ???? ? ??? ??? ????? ?? ????? ???? ? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ????????.

1527 ?1610 [ ????? ]

??? 1527? ?? ????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??????????? ? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ????????? ??? ??? 1605. ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????: ????? ???????? ???????????? ? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??? ??? ?????.

???? ?? ????????? ???????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ???????? ????????? ??? ????? ????? ????????? ??? ???????? ?????? ??? 1604? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ???? (??????? ?????? ???? ??????? ????) ??? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ????? ?? ?? ????? ??? " ?????" ? "??????". ??? ??? ?? ???????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ??? ?? ???????? ?????? ??????? ? ? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ?????????.

? ??? 1609? ????? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ????? . ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ??????. ????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ?? 5 ?????? 1610? ? ???? ????? ???????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ??? ??? ????? ("???? ??????"). ?????? ???????? ?? ?? ????? ???????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????????. ^{[
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]} ????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ??? ???? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??? ????????? ???????? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ??????????.

????? ?? 17 [ ????? ]

?? ?????????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ???????????? ?????????? ????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?? ??????? ??? ??????? ???????? ??? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???????? ????????? ????????. ? ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ??????????. ^[2] ? ??? ?????? ???????? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ???????? ??????? ?????? ????????. ?? ????? 1623? ??? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ???? ?????. ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????????? ????????? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ???????? ??? ????? ??????. ?? ??? ????? ?? ? ??? ???????? ??? ???? ??????????? ???????? ??? ?? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ???. ????? ????? ?????. ???? ?? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ?????. ????? ????? ????? ?????????? ?????? ? ????? ??????? ????? ???????? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ???????. ??? ??? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?? ??????????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ???? ??????. ???? ????? ???? ???? ??? 1626. ?????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ???? ?? ????? ??????????? ? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ???????????? ???????. ? ??? ???? ????? ??? ???? ????????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ??? 1631 ???? 1656. ? ??? 1630? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ?? ??????. ???? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ????. ?? ??? ???? ???? ???? ???? ????? ???????? ???????? ?? ????????? ?? ?????. ???? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ???????. ??? 1631? ?? ????? ?? ???????????? ????????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ???? ????. ??? ????? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ???????? ??????? ??? ??? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??????. ? ????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ?? ????????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ??????? ????????. ?? ???? ??? 1619? ???? ?? ????? ??? 635000 ???? ? ??? 1643? ?? ????? 230 ???? ???????. ^[3] ????? ????????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ???????? ??? ?????? ? ??????? ? ???????. ??? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ???? ???. ??????? ??? ???????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ???????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???????? ??????. ^[4] ? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????????.

?????? ????????? ???? ??? ??? [ ????? ]

1707 ?1755 [ ????? ]

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

1766 ?1798 [ ????? ]

??? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ? ??? 1766? ???? ???? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ??????. ? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? 18 ?? ??????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ? ???? ??? ????? ? ???? ??? ??? ????? ????? ????? ??????. ???? ??? ??. ?????? ??? ?? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ??? ??? ??? ?????? . ??? ??? ?? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ????.

??? 1769? ??? ????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? 12000 ???? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? 1768-1774 . ??? ??? ????? ?? ??????????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ????? ????????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???. ???? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ???????????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????. ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ???????? ????  ????? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ??????. ?? ??????? ???????? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ????  ?????. ????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? 48 ???? ??????? ??????. ???? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ????????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ???? 
????
 ?? ??? ??? ???????.

????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????? ???????. ?? ????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ? ??? ????? ??? ?????? 20 ??? ??? ???? ????? . ?? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ?? 8000 ??? ????????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? . ?? ??? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??? - ???? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ???? ???????. ? ??? 1771? ?????? ?? ???????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ???????? ????? ? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ??????.

?? ????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? 30 ??? ??? ?? ??? ????? ???? ????? ? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ???????? ?????? . ???? ?? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ? ??? ?? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? - ????? ??? ???????? ????????? . ??? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ????? 1772. ? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ???????. ??? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? 3000 ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????. ??? ??? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? 8 ????? 1772? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??????. ??? ?????.

?? ???? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?? ???????. ??? ????? ????? ??? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ???????????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???? ?????? 3000 ??????. ??? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ????????? ???????? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??????. ?? ???? ??? ???? ? ??? ? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ?????. ??? 1 ?????? 1773? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ? ??? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?? ??? ???????? ??????? ????? ??? ??. ????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ????? 8000 ???? ??? 19 ????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? . ???? ???? ??? ?? ???????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ??????. ? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ???????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ????.

??? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ???? . ??? ??? ??? ???? ???? ??? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ?? ??????? - ?????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ?? ?? ????? ????????? ? ??? ??????. ? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ???? ????. ???? ?? ? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ????????? ???? ????? ???? ?? 26 ???? 1775.

??????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ? ????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ??? (??? ??? ?????). ????? ? ???? ????? ??? ???????). ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ???????? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??????? ???? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ??? 1786? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ????????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ?? ???. ???? ???? ?? ????????? ???? ???? ??????. ???? ?? ? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ???????. ?? 1 ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ???????? ? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??????. ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ??????. ?? ????? 1791? ????? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ? ????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ?????. ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ????????? ??????? ????????. ?????? ??? ?? ??????? ??? 1798 ??? ??? ??????? ??????? ???.

???????? ????????? [ ????? ]

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??? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??? ??? ?? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ???????? . ?? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ?? ????????? ??? ??????????? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ???????? ??????? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??? ????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ???? ?????? ???????? ???? ???. ?? ????????? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ?? ????????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?? ????.

????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ?? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????????? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ???????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ????????? ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ??? ????????. ?????? ?? ????????? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ????????? . ??? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ???????? ?????? ?? ?????. ??? ????? ?????? (???????? ???? ???? ????? ????????? )? ???? ????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ???????? ?? ? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????. ? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ?? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ? ??? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ?? ??????? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????????. ? ???? ???? ???? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ????????? ??????????. ? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ???????. ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???????????.

????? ????? [ ????? ]

?? ????? ??????? ????????? ?? ????? ????? ? ???? ?????? ???????? ??????? ????? ??? (??? ???? ??????? ?????) ?? ????????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??? ???????? ????. ?? ????. ?????? ?????? ?? ?????????? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ???????? ??? ???????? ????????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ???? - ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? 22 ?????? 1798. ? ??? ??? ????????? ?? ????? ?????? . ??? ?? ???????? ????? ??????? ????????? ????? ? ???? ???? ???????. ????????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ??????????? ????? ???? ?? ?????????. ??? ???? ???? ??????? ????????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ??????. ? ????? ?? ?? ??? ???? ???????? ??? ?? 25 ?????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ????????? ???? ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ?? 14 ??? ??? ???????? ??????? ?? 60 ???? ?????? ? ??? ????? ??????? ????. ??? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ??????? ? ????? ?? ????? ???????. ????? ???????? ???? ???? ???????? ?? 3 ????? 1799? ???? ????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ????????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ??????????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ?????.

????? ????? ?????? [ ????? ]

??????? ??? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ??? ?????. ? ??? ???? ?? ? ??????? ?? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???????? ??? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ???????. ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??? ? ??????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? . ??? ??? ???? ?? ???????? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ????? ????? ?? ????? - ? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?? 3 ????. ????? ????? ???? ?????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???? ?????? ????????? ???????? ????????. ??? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ???????? ???: ?? ????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ? ?? ????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? . ???? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ?? 24 ????? 1800? ???? ????? ????????? ?? ???. ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???????? ????? ???????. ??? ??? ???????? ???????? ?? ???????. ??? ?????? ??????????? ????? ?????????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ???? ????? ????????? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ????????? ????? ???. ??? ?? ????? ????? ???? ???????? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ????. ??? ????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ?? ???????. ?? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ????????? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ???????? ?? ?????? ????????. ?? 14 ????? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ?? ????????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ??? . ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? 12 ????? ???? ??? ????? ?????. ??? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ???. ???? ???? ?? ??? ??? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?? ???????? .

?????? [ ????? ]

????? ?? 14 ?????? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ? ???? ??? ????? ????? ??????. ???? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ??? ????????? ?????? 3 ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? . ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ?????. ????? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ??? ??????? ???? ? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ? ???? ?????????? ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? - ?? ??????? ?? ????????? (???????? ??????? ????) ?? ??????? ? ???????? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ? ????? ???????? ????????? ???????. ????? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ????????? ?? ? ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ??????.

*???? ??????? 21 ?????? 1798* ???? ?? ???? ???????

?? ???????? ?????? ?? ???? 1801? ??? ???????? ?????? ????? ???? ????????? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????????? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ?? ????????? ??? ?????? ????????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ??????. ??? ??? 25 ???? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ??????? . ?? ????? ??? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??? ???? . ?? 30 ????? ???? ??????? ?.?. ??????? ? ?????? ????????? ?? ???????? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ????????? ???????? ?????? ???? ????. ? ??? ?????????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????? 13734 ?????? . ?? 30 ?????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? 10.000 ???? ?????????? ??????? ?? ??????. ? ??? ?? ????? ???????? ????????? ????. ??? ????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?? ??? ??? ? ???? ???? ?????? ??????????? ???? ?????? ??????.

??? ?? ??? ???? ??? [ ????? ]

??????? ???? ??? ??? ?????? [ ????? ]

??? ??? ???? ?? ????? ????????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ????????? ???? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????????? ????? ??? ????????. ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????????? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ? ???????. ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ??? ????????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ? ?? ?? ????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ??? . ????? ??????? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ??????. ? ??? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ?????. ???? ??? ??????? ????????? ????????? ???? ???????? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ????????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ????. ??? ????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ??????.

???? ???? ???? ???? ??? ??? ???? ??? ???????? ??? ??? ?????????. ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ???? ??? ????? ???????? ?? ?? ??? ????? ????????. ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ?? ??????? ??????????. ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? 7000 ???? ?? ???????? ??????? - ??? ??????? ?? ???? ??? - ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? . ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ????????. ? ??? ??? ???? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ????????? ???????????.

?????? ?? ????????? (1811?1818) [ ????? ]

?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ????? 20 ??? ??? (??? ???? 2000 ????) ??? ????? ???? ????? ? ? ?? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ????????? ?? ????? ????????? ???????? . ????? ????? ??? 1811? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ????. ??? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ? ???? ????????? ??? ?????? ? ??? ??????.???? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ???????? ??? 1815. ????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????? ? ??? ??? ??? 1816 ?? ??? 20. ???? ???? ? ??? ????? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ???????. ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ??? 1816 ??????? ??? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??? 1818.

????????? (1808?1823) [ ????? ]

????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ???????? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ????????? ???? ????? ??? 1808? ???????? ????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ???. ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??? ????? ??? ???????? . ??? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ??? ???????? ??? ?? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ???????. ?? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ????????? ?? ?????????? ?? ???????. ? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? (?????? ??????) ???? ????? ????? ??? ??????.

????? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????. ??? ???????? ?????? ??? ???????? ???????? ??????. ???? ??? ?? ??????? ???? ??? 1819 ?? ??? ???? ????? ??????????? ???? ????????? (??? ??? ????? ????? ??????). ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ?????????? ?????? . ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? 1838? ???? ????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? (?????? ???????)? ????? ???? ????? ????? ??????????? ??? ???? ????? ???????? ??? ??? ???? ???? .

??? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ??? 1822 ??? ????. ? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? . ??? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ???? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ?????.

?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????. ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ?? ??? ???????? ? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ?????????? ???? ????????. ??????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ? ?? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ???.

??????? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ???????? ?? ?????? ? ???? ???? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????????. .

??? ????? ??? ????????? ????????? ??? 1821? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ????????? ??? ????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ????????? ????????.

????? ??? 1823? ??? ?? ????? ????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ? ????????? ???????? ??????????? ? ???????? . ? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ??? 1823 ?? ??????? ?? 6 ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ????? ?? ???????? ????????.

?????? [ ????? ]

??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?? ????? ????? ????????? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ??????? ?????. ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ????????? ? ?????? ????? ? ??????? ?????? ? ???? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? 1870 ???????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ??? ????????? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ????? ??? 1551? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ^[7] ??? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?? ????? ????? ?????????. ??? ?? ????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ??????. ^[8] ?????? ??? ??? ??? ?? ????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ???????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ???????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? . ??? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??? ???????? ????? ?????????? ??? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ? ???? ??? ????? ????? ?????? 4000 ??. ????????? ?? ?????? ???????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ???????? ???????? ????? ??? ????? ??? ??? ????? . ???? ?????? ????????? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ???????? ????????? ????? ?????????? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??? ??? ?? ????? ?????????. ^[8]

??? ????? ???????? (1820) [ ????? ]

???? ??? ??? 1820 ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ????? . ???? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ?????????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ? ?????? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? . ??? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????. ? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ???. ? ??? ????? ?????? ??? 4000 ?5000 ???? ?? ??????? ??????. ?????? ??????? ?? ????? 1820. ?? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ????? ???????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ????? ????????? ?????? ????.

?????? ?? ??????? (1821) [ ????? ]

??? ???? ??? ?? 
???????????? ?????????
 ???? ?? ??? 1554? ??? ???  1821 ? 1841? ???? 
???? ???
 ? 
????
 ???
 ? ??? ????? 
???????
 ? ??? ???? ???? .
^[9] ? ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? 1841? ????? ???? 
?????
 ??? ????????? ? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??? ????. ??? ???? ???????? ????? ???? ??? ???????? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ?????????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ??? 
????
 ????????
 .  ???  1845? ??? ???????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ???????? ?? ??????? ????????? ????????? ?? ??? ???????. ???? ?? ??? ???? 
????
 ???????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ???????? ??? ??????? ???????? ? ??? ????? ????  ??????? ??????? ?? ?? ????? ??? ????? ??????. ? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ???????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ????????.  ??? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??? ????? ? ?? ??? ???? ???? ?? ????.
^[10] ??? 1874-1875? ??? ???????? ??? 
?????
 ?? ?????????? ????? ?????? ????????? ????????. ?? ????? ????? ??? ???????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ??? ???????? .
^[9]  ??? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ??? 1885?  ??? ???? ???? ?? ???????? ??? ????????? ???????????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ???????????. ???? ?? ?? ???? ??? "????? ????? ??? 1885 ???? ???????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ?? ????".
^[10] ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????????.

???? ???? (1824) [ ????? ]

??? 1824? ????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ????????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ????? ????? ??? ???? . ???? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ??? 20.000 ? 30.000 ?????? ?????? ?? ????????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?????. ??? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ????. ???? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ??????? ????????? ?? ?? ????? ??????.

?????? ????????? (1824?1828) [ ????? ]

??? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ????????? ??????????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????. ?? ???? ??? 1824? ????? ????? ???? ?? 60 ????? ????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? 17000 ???? ????? ?? ???? ???? ? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????.

????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????????? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ???????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ???????? ????????? ??? ????????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ????????. ????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ???????? . ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ????????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ? ???? ??? ???? ?????????? ?? ????? ????? 1828 ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ??????? ????? ???????? ??????? ?????.

????? ?? ??????? (1831?1841) [ ????? ]

??? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ? ????? ????? ???????? ???????? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ???. ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ???????. ????? ??? ???? ?? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????????. ?????? ???? ???????????? ????????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??? ????????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ?? ?? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???????????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ??????????? ??????. ???????????? ?? ???????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? .

???? ???????? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ?? 27 ???? 1832? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ?? 22 ??????. ??? ??? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? . ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? 14 ???? 1833? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ???????? ., ?? ????? ???? .

???? ??? ??? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ? ?? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ??????? ????? ????? . ??? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?? ?????. ?? ??? ??? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ???????? ????????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? . ?? ??? ?????????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ????? ??? ????? ????????? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ????????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????????.

?? ???? ??? 1839? ??? ??????? ???? ???????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ???????? ??? ??? ?????? ? ??????? ??? ?????? ???????. ???? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ?? 24 ?????. ??? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ?????????? ??????. ? ??? ??? ????? ? ??? ?? ???? ????? ????????????? ???? ?????.

?????? ?? ????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ???????? ??????. ??? ?????? ????????? ????? ?? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ???????? ????????? ??? ????.

?? ???? ???????????? ????????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ????????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ?????. ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? 1840 ????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ???? ???. ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ???????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ?????????. ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ???? ??? ?? ??????.

????? ??? ???? ??? [ ????? ]

??? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ??? 1841.

?? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ???????? ????. ???? ?? ???????? ?????? ? ??? ?????? ???? 18000 ???. ??? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????????? ???? ?????? ?? ???. ? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ??? 1842 ?????? ????? ??????. ??? 1843 ??? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ???? ?? ??????.

?? ?????? ?? 1844 ?1845? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ????????? ??????? ???? ????? ??????. ??? ???? ???? ???? ??? ???? ??? ???? ????? ??? 1842? ?????? ???????? ??? 1846? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ?? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ??? 1803. ? ??? 1847 ??? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ^{[
???? ????
]}

. ??? ????? ??? 1847? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ???????? ? ????? ???? ??? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ????? ???????. ?? ?????? 1848? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ???? ?????????? ???? ???? ?? ??????.
????? ???? ??? [ ????? ]
??? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? 1848? ???? ????? ??? ?? ?? ??? ???? ???? ????? ? ??? ????? ??????. ??? ???? ???? ????? ?????????? ????????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????????. ????? ????? ?????????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?????. ? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?? 6 ???? ? ????? ?? ????? 1854 ??? ??? ????? ?? ?????.
????? ??? ???? ???? ? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???? ??????. ??? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????? ? ? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ??? 1858 ???????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????. ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ????????? ??? ????? ? ??? 1854 ?? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ????????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? . ?? ????? 1863 ???? ???? ???? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ????.
?? ??????? ???? ???????? ?? ??? 1863 ???? 1879? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ??????? . ???? ????? ??? ????? ???????? ??? ?? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????????? ? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ?????????.
??????? [ ????? ]
??? 1866? ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? 376.000 ???? ???????? ?720.000 ???? ????????. ?? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????.
??? ??????? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ??? 1879. ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ??????. ??? ???????? ??? ??????? ??? ?????????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ? ? ????? ??????? ??? 1864 ?????? ??????? ?????? ? ???? ??? ?????? 3800000 ???? ???????? ?????? ?? ???????. ???? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ??? ??? ???? ???????? ?? ?? ????? ??????.
??? ????????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ? ???? ??? ????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?????????. ???? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ???? ????? ???? ???????? (????? 3 ?????? ??? ??? ???? ?????)? ? ???? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ???????? ?????? ???????. ???? ?? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ( ??? 1875) ??????? ?????????? ????? 3,976,582 ???? ???????? ??? ? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????.
??? ?????? 1875? ???? ??????? ?????????? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ????? 1876 ???? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?? ??? ????? ????????? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ????? ??????? ??? ???. ??????? ????????. ? ???? ??????? ????? Caisse de la Dette Publique .
?? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ????????? ?????????? ????????? ??? ??????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ? ?? ??? ?? 26 ????? 1879. ?????? ????? ????? ???? ? ??? ???????? ??? ????? ??. ? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? 1881 ??????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ??????. ?? ????? 1882? ???? ????? ????????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????????? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ?????. ??? ????? ??????????? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ???????. ? ?????/??????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ???????? ????????? ??????? ????????? ??? ??????. ?????? ????? ?????? ????????? ?????????? ????? ???? ??? ????????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?????????? ??????? . ??? ??????????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? 1882 ? ????? ??? ?????? ? ?????? ????? ????????. ???? ?????? ??? ??? ???????? ??????? ????????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ??? 1914.
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↑ Full text of the Treaty of Lausanne (1923): Article 17 of the treaty refers to Egypt and Sudan.

↑ Rogan, Eugene, The Arabs: A History (2010), Penguin Books, p44

↑ ????:EB1911

↑ Rogan, Eugene, The Arabs: A History (2010), Penguin Books, p44-45

↑ Holt, P. M.; Gray, Richard (1975). "Egypt, the Funj and Darfur". The Cambridge History of Africa . IV . London, New York, Melbourne: Cambridge University Press: 14?57. doi : 10.1017/CHOL9780521204132.003 . ISBN 9781139054584 .

↑ ?????? ???: ???? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ????? <ref> ?????? ????? </ref> ?? ?????? EB1911

↑ Ahmad Y Hassan (1976), Taqi al-Din and Arabic Mechanical Engineering , p. 34?35, Institute for the History of Arabic Science, University of Aleppo

↑ ^? ^? ?????? ???: ???? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ????? <ref> ?????? ????? </ref> ?? ?????? bato??? 193

↑ ^? ^? E. H. M. Clifford, "The British Somaliland-Ethiopia Boundary", Geographical Journal , 87 (1936), p. 289.

↑ ^? ^? I.M. Lewis, A Modern History of the Somali , fourth edition (Oxford: James Currey, 2002), p. 43 & 49.

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????:Subdivisions of the Ottoman Empire ????:History of Ottoman

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????:Ottoman Empire topics

[Treaty-1] Full text of the Treaty of Lausanne (1923): Article 17 of the treaty refers to Egypt and Sudan.

[2] Rogan, Eugene, The Arabs: A History (2010), Penguin Books, p44

[EB19112-3] ????:EB1911

[4] Rogan, Eugene, The Arabs: A History (2010), Penguin Books, p44-45

[HoltGray1975-5] Holt, P. M.; Gray, Richard (1975). "Egypt, the Funj and Darfur". The Cambridge History of Africa . IV . London, New York, Melbourne: Cambridge University Press: 14?57. doi : 10.1017/CHOL9780521204132.003 . ISBN 9781139054584 .

[EB1911-6] ?????? ???: ???? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ????? <ref> ?????? ????? </ref> ?? ?????? EB1911

[7] Ahmad Y Hassan (1976), Taqi al-Din and Arabic Mechanical Engineering , p. 34?35, Institute for the History of Arabic Science, University of Aleppo

[batoتحت_193-8] ? ^? ?????? ???: ???? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ????? <ref> ?????? ????? </ref> ?? ?????? bato??? 193

[Clifford-9] ? ^? E. H. M. Clifford, "The British Somaliland-Ethiopia Boundary", Geographical Journal , 87 (1936), p. 289.

[Lewismhs-10] ? ^? I.M. Lewis, A Modern History of the Somali , fourth edition (Oxford: James Currey, 2002), p. 43 & 49.

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