???? ???? ?? ?? ??????

???? ???? ?? ?? ??????
???? ???? ?? ?? ??????
??????? ?????
???????	??? 1888 ; ???????
??????	??? 1945 (56–57 ???) ; ???????
??????	???
?????	????? ?? ?????? ? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ? ????? ?? ??????
????	???? ?? ?? ??????
????	????? ?? ??????
?????? ???????
??????? ????	???????? ?????? (???)
??????	?????
?????? ????????
?????	?????? ???????
??????	????
	????? ????? - ?????

???? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ( 1888 - 1945 ) ???? ???? ???? ? ??? ????? ???????? (????) ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ?????????? ???????????. ^[1]^[2]^[3]

????? [ ????? ]

????? ???? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? 1888? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ?? ??????. ??? ??? 1909 ????? ?? ???? ??????? (???????? ??????). ??? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ???. ^[4] ????? ???? 6 ????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ?????? . ^[5]^[6]

????? [ ????? ]

?? ??? 3 ????? 1945 ????? ???? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ??????.

????? [ ????? ]

↑ ???? (2022-01-11). ???? ???? ?????????? (in ???????). Sama For Publishing & Distributiom. ISBN 978-977-781-474-4 .
↑ "?? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ?????.. ????? ?????? ????? ?? ??????" . ??? ????? (in ???????). 2021-12-22 . Retrieved 2023-02-09 .
↑ Great Britain and the East (in ??????????). 1919.
↑ "?? ???? ??????.. ?? ?? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? | ????? ?????" . baladnaelyoum.com (in ???????) . Retrieved 2023-02-09 .
↑ akhbarelyom, Developed By team (2022-10-28). "?? ???? ??????.. ??? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ???????" . ????? ????? ????? . Retrieved 2023-02-09 .
↑ "???? ??? ??? ????? ???? ???????? - ??????? ??????" . gate.ahram.org.eg . Retrieved 2023-02-09 .

????? ???

[1] ???? (2022-01-11). ???? ???? ?????????? (in ???????). Sama For Publishing & Distributiom. ISBN 978-977-781-474-4 .

[2] "?? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ?????.. ????? ?????? ????? ?? ??????" . ??? ????? (in ???????). 2021-12-22 . Retrieved 2023-02-09 .

[3] Great Britain and the East (in ??????????). 1919.

[4] "?? ???? ??????.. ?? ?? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? | ????? ?????" . baladnaelyoum.com (in ???????) . Retrieved 2023-02-09 .

[5] relyom, Developed By team (2022-10-28). "?? ???? ??????.. ??? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ???????" . ????? ????? ????? . Retrieved 2023-02-09 .

[6] "???? ??? ??? ????? ???? ???????? - ??????? ??????" . gate.ahram.org.eg . Retrieved 2023-02-09 .

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[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]