?????????

	?????????
	??????? ????
?????	?. 551 ??? ?????? ; ?????? (???)
????	?. 479 ??? ?????? (71/72 ???) ; Si River (???)
????? ?????	???? ??????
??????	???
?????	?????? ? ?????? ? ????
?????? ?? ?????	?????? ????? ? ??????
	???????
??????	Shu-liang He
???????	Yan Zhengzai
???	Meng Pi
????	Qiguan Shi
?????	Kong Li
	??????? ???
???	????????
??????	(???? 5 ??? ??????) ?????? ????????? ;

????????? (????? ? ????? 551 ?.?? ???? ? ????? 479 ?.?) ?? ????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ? ?????? ? ????? ? ?? ????????? ?? ???? ??????? ? ??????? ? ??????? . ???????? ???? ????????? ??????? ????? ???? ???????? ???????? ???? ??? ???? ? ? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ? ??????? ? ??? ????. ^[1] ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ? ? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ???????? ??????? ? ???????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ??? ??? ???? ??????. ^[2]

????????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ?????????? ????? ? ?????. ? ??? ????? ? ?? ???????? ? ???? ? ???????? ??????? ? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ? ????????? ? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ? ??????? ???? ???? ? ?????? ??????. ????????? ????? ? ????? ????? ( ????? ??????? ? ???? ? ?????) ?? ???: "??????? ? ????? ????? ????? ?? ???????? ????? ???". ^[3]

????? ??? ??? ????????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ? ??????? . ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ? ????? ? ??????? ???????? ? ?????? ?????? ???? ? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ???? . ??? ?????? ? ????????? ?? ? ????? ???? ???? ???????????? ???? ???? ? ??????? ? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ???? ???? ????. ? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ? ????? ?????? ???????????? ? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? " ??????????? ??????? "? ? ?? ??? ? ???????????? ?????? . ?? ???????? ???????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????????? ? ?????? ???????? ? ?????? ? ????? ? ???????. ^[4]

????????? ????????? ????????? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????????? ?????. ?????????? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ???????? ? ?????????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ? ?? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ???. ^[5] ??????? ????? ????? ? ???? ???????? ? ????????? ? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ??? ???? ?????.

???? ????? [ ??? | ??? ???? ]

^ "The Life and Significance of Confucius" . www.sjsu.edu . ??????? ?? ???? ? 2019-12-27 . ?????? ???? ? ????? 2017-09-27 .
^ "The Development of Confucianism in Ancient China" . Constitutional Rights Foundation . ??????? ?? ???? ? 7 October 2023 . ?????? ???? ? ????? 2023-10-21 .
^ "Unthinkable: Which 'golden rule' of ethics is best, the Christian or Confucian?" . The Irish Times (? ???????) . ?????? ???? ? ????? 2023-10-21 .
^ Mark? Joshua J. "Confucianism" . World History Encyclopedia . ??????? ?? ???? ? 2021-04-17 . ?????? ???? ? ????? 2020-11-04 .
^ "The Philosophers of the Warring States" . Khan Academy (? ???????). ??????? ?? ???? ? 2023-04-30 . ?????? ???? ? ????? 2023-04-30 .

[1] "The Life and Significance of Confucius" . www.sjsu.edu . ??????? ?? ???? ? 2019-12-27 . ?????? ???? ? ????? 2017-09-27 .

[2] "The Development of Confucianism in Ancient China" . Constitutional Rights Foundation . ??????? ?? ???? ? 7 October 2023 . ?????? ???? ? ????? 2023-10-21 .

[3] "Unthinkable: Which 'golden rule' of ethics is best, the Christian or Confucian?" . The Irish Times (? ???????) . ?????? ???? ? ????? 2023-10-21 .

[4] Mark? Joshua J. "Confucianism" . World History Encyclopedia . ??????? ?? ???? ? 2021-04-17 . ?????? ???? ? ????? 2020-11-04 .

[5] "The Philosophers of the Warring States" . Khan Academy (? ???????). ??????? ?? ???? ? 2023-04-30 . ?????? ???? ? ????? 2023-04-30 .

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[5]