?????? ??????

تحتوي هذه المقالة أو أجزاء على نصوص مترجمة بحاجة مراجعة.
?? ?????????? ???????? ?????
?????? ??????
( ?????????? : Willem Barentsz )?  تعديل قيمة خاصية (P1559) في ويكي بيانات
??????? ?????
??????? 1550
??????????
?????? ????? 20, 1597
?????? ??????
??? ?????? ???   تعديل قيمة خاصية (P509) في ويكي بيانات
??????? ??????????
????????   تعديل قيمة خاصية (P551) في ويكي بيانات
?????? ??????? ?????? (1581?) [1]
???????? ?????? ??? (?1581)
???????????? ????????? ???????   تعديل قيمة خاصية (P27) في ويكي بيانات
?????? ???????
?????? ?????? ?   ?????? ??????? ?   ????? ?  ?????    [???? ????] ‏?  ?????    [???? ????] ‏  تعديل قيمة خاصية (P106) في ويكي بيانات
????? ???? ?????????   تعديل قيمة خاصية (P103) في ويكي بيانات
?????? ?????????   تعديل قيمة خاصية (P1412) في ويكي بيانات
????? ????? - ?????   طالع توثيق القالب

?????? ??????? (Willem Barentsz) (?? ??? ????? ??????????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ) (???? 1550 - 20 ????? 1597) ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ? ?????? ? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????.

???? ???????? (Barents Sea), [2] ?????????? (Barentsburg) ???????? ??? ????? ?????? (Barents Region) ??????? ???? ??? ????.

????? [ ??? ]

???? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? 1550 ?? ????? ?????????? (Terschelling) ?? ????????? ????? ????. [3]

??? ??????? ????? ??? ???????? ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? (atlas) ?? ????? ????? ??????? ? [4] ????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????? (Petrus Plancius). [3]

??? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ???? ??????? (Siberia) ??? ?? ????? ????? 24 ???? ?? ????? ? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????. [5]

?????? ?????? [ ??? ]

????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????

?? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ??? 1594 ???? ??????? ????? ????? (Texel) [3] ??? ??? [6] ??????? ??????? ??????? (Mercury), [7] ???? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ???? (Kara Sea)? ????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ???????. ???? 23 ?29 ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? (Kildin Island).

??? ?????? ?? ?????? [8] ???? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ??????. ???? ????? ????? ???? ???????? (musket) ????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ??? ???????? ????? ???????? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ??????. ???? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ???????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?????. ??? ??? ?? ???? ??? (Bear Creek)? ?? ????? ??????? (Williams Island).

???? ???????? ???? ?????? (Orange Islands)? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? 200 ?? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????. ???? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ?????. [9]

??? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? (Novaya Zemlya)? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ??????. ??? ????? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ???????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????. [3]

?????? ??????? [ ??? ]

???? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ???? ??????

??? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? (Maurice of Nassau, Prince of Orange) ??? ??????? ≪????? ????? ????≫ [10] ??? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ???????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?? ??? ?????????? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ?? ?????. [11]

????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ??? 1595? [10] ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? (Vaygach). ??? 30 ?????? ???? ?????? ????? 20 ?? ???????? (Samoyed) ≪???? ??????≫ ????????? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ?????. [9] ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? (States Island) ????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ????. ??? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ????????? [12]

??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ????. [13] ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ??????. [14]

?????? ??????? [ ??? ]

????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????

?? ??? 1596, ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ??????? ????? ????? (subsidy) ???? ??? ??????? - ????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ??????. [10]

??? ???? ??????? ????????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??? ???? (Jan Rijp) ?????? ??? ???????? (Jacob van Heemskerk)? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ???????. ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ???? (Bear Island). [9]

??? ??????? ????? ??????????? (Spitsbergen) ?? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????. ??? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? (Raudfjorden). ??? 21 ????? ??? ??????? ??? ????????? ???????? (Cloven Cliff) ? (Vogelsang)? ??? ≪?????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ??????????.≫ ?? 25 ????? ????? ???? ???????????????? (Magdalenefjorden)? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ????? (Tusk Bay), ??? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ????. ??? ????? ??????? 26 ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????????????? (Forlandsundet), ?????? ???? ??? ?????? (Keerwyck)? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????. ??? 28 ????? ????? ????????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? (Prins Karls Forland)? ???? ?????? ????????? Vogelhoek? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????? ????. ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????????? (Isfjorden) ???????? (Bellsund), ?????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? (Grooten Inwyck) ? ????? (Inwyck).

????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ???????

???? ????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ???????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ????. ??????? ??? ????????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ??????. [15] ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? 17 ?????. ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? (Vaigatch Strait)? ???? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ??????. [10]

??? ??? ??????? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ???????? ?? 16 ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? . [8] ??? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? (permafrost)? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ???? 7.8 × 5.5 ????? (?) [5] ?????? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ??? (Het Behouden Huys) ???? ??????.

??? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ??????

????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? - ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???????. ?????? ??? ???? ??? ???????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????. [9]

?????? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???????? ?????????? ?????? (???? ???) (groats) ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???????? ??????? ??????? ????? (hardtack)? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????. ??? ???? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??????? . ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ???? (Gerrit de Veer)? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ????. [9]

????? ?? ????? 1597? ???? ?? ???? ??? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? (Novaya Zemlya effect). [16]

???? ???? ?????? ??????? (1836) ???????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???????

???? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? 26 ?? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ???????. [5]

????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ???????? ??? ????????? (scurvy) ??? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ??? ?? 13 ?????. ???? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ??? 1597? ??? ????? ??? ??????? [17] ???? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??? ??? ???????? ?? ?????. ??? ??? ??? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????? (Severny Island) ?? ????? ????? ?? ?????. [18] ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ???? (Kola Peninsula) ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ?? ?????? ??????. ??? ???????? ????? ??? ???????? ?? ????? ?? ??????. [19] ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ????? ?? ??????? [5] ?? ????? ???? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???????. [10] ?? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ??????. [8]

????? ?? ?????? ?????????? [ ??? ]

????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????, ?? ?????? ??? 1881

?? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ???????? ?????? (seal hunt) ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? (Elling Carlsen) ???? ??? 1871. ???? ?? ??? ????? ???????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???????? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ??? ?????. [20] ??? ??? ??????? ??????? (Captain Gunderson) ???????? ??? ?????? ?? 17 ????? ??? 1875 ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? (Pet and Jackman's voyages). ??? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ??. ?????. ??????? (Charles L.W. Gardiner) ?????? ?????? ?? 29 ????? ??? ??? 112 ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ?? ??????? ????????? ????? ???? ???? ????????? ??????? ????????. ?? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ? [15] [21] ????? ?? ???????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ????? ????? . [22]

??????? ???? ???? ????? ?? Het Behouden Huys

???? ???? ???????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????????? (Miloradovich) ?? ??? 1933 ??? ?? ???????? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ???????? (Arctic and Antarctic Museum) ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ????????? ???? ???? ?? 1977, 1979?1980 - ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ???????. ???? ???? ??? ???????? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ?????????? ???????? ?????? (Russian Arkangel's Regional Museum). ??? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? (Polar Museum) ?????? ?????? (Tromsø). [15]

??? ??? 1992? ???? ???? ????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ???????? ????????????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ? ??????? ??? ??????? [15] ??????? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ???????. [23]

??? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ???????? (Murmansk). [5] [24]

????? [ ??? ]

?????? ???????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????

(Vardø)

??? ??? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ????????? ????? ??? ????? ??? ???????? (Jan Huyghen van Linschoten) ???? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ???? (Gerrit de Veer) ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ??????.

??? ??? 1853? ????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? (Murmean Sea) ??? ?????? ??? ?????? (Barents Sea) ???????? ??. [25]

??? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????????? (Terschelling). [26]

??? ?? ??? 1878? ??? ?????????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? . [27]

??? ??? 1931? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? (Albert Helman) ???? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ????? ??? ??????.

??? ??? 1946? ???? ????? ??? ??????? (Whaling ship) ??? ????? (Pan Gothia) ?? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? . ??? ?? ??? 1953? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????? ???? ?????. [28]

??? ???? ???? ???????? (protein) ?? ?????? ????????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? (Drosophila melanogaster) ????? ????? ??? ??????? ? ???????? ???????? ???? ????????. [29]

??? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ????????? (Reinout Oerlemans) ?????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? 2011. ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? 3D.


????? ?????? [ ??? ]

??????? [ ??? ]

  1. ^ http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?pageseq=1&itemID=A813&viewtype=text . {{ ??????? ??? }} : |url= ????? ?????? ( ?????? ) ? ?????? |title= ??? ????? ?? ???? (?? ???? ??????) ( ?????? )
  2. ^ C.Michael Hogan and Steve Baum. 2010. Barents Sea . Eds. P.Saundry & C.Cleveland. Encyclopedia of Earth. National Council for Science and the Environment. Washington DC ???? ?????? 2020-06-18 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
  3. ^ ? ? ? ? "Historic expedition led by Willem Barentsz nears 400th anniversary" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2007-12-14 . ???? ???? ?????? 2007-12-08 .
  4. ^ "Rijksmuseum Amsterdam: Willem Barentsz" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2011-06-09 . ???? ???? ?????? 2007-12-06 .
  5. ^ ? ? ? ? ? "God and the Arctic survivor" . ??? ??????? . ????? 1993. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2015-04-02.
  6. ^ Alexander, Philip Frederick. The North-west and North-east passages , 1915. ???? ?????? 01 ?????? 2016 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
  7. ^ Mirsky, Jeannette. "To the Arctic!: The Story of Northern Exploration from Earliest Times" , 1997.
  8. ^ ? ? ? Synge? J.B. (c. 1912). A Book of Discovery . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2018-11-06.
  9. ^ ? ? ? ? ? De Veer, Gerrit. " The Three Voyages of William Barentsz to the Arctic Regions " (English trans. 1609).
  10. ^ ? ? ? ? ? De Peyster, John Watts. The Dutch at the North pole and the Dutch in Maine . 3 March 1857. ???? ?????? 13 ???? 2016 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
  11. ^ The Northern Lights Route ? Willem Barentsz ???? ?????? 08 ?????? 2017 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
  12. ^ Beechey, F.W. " A Voyage Of Discovery Towards The North Pole, In The Majesty's Ships ", 1843. ???? ?????? 12 ???? 2016 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
  13. ^ Van Der Werf? Siebren Y. (?????? 1997). "Astronomical Observations During Willem Barents's Third Voyage to the North" (PDF) . Arctic . ????? ?? ????? (PDF) ?? 2017-11-08.
  14. ^ Scoresby, William. " An Account of the Arctic Regions ", 1820. ???? ?????? 11 ???? 2016 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
  15. ^ ? ? ? ? Hacquebord? Louwrens (?????? 1995). "In search of Het Behouden Huys: a survey of the remains of the house of Willem Barentsz on Novaya Zemlya" (PDF) . Arctic . ?. 38 ?. 3. ????? ?? ????? (PDF) ?? 2019-10-04.
  16. ^ "Homage to Gerrit de Veer" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2017-11-08 . ???? ???? ?????? 2007-12-07 .
  17. ^ American Antiquarian Society, " Transactions and Collections ", 1860.
  18. ^ "Search for Barents: Evaluation of Possible Burial Sites on North Novaya Zemlya, Russia" , Jaapjan J. Zeeberg et al., Arctic Vol. 55, No. 4 (December 2002) p. 329?338 ???? ?????? 08 ?????? 2017 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
  19. ^ Goorich, Frank Boott. "Man Upon the Sea", 1858.
  20. ^ De Jonge, J.K.J. "Nova Zembla: De voorwerpen door de Nederlandsche Zeevaarders na hunne overwintering aldaar in 1597 achtergelaten en in 1871 door Kapitein Carlsen teruggevonden, beschreven en toegelicht." , 1872.
  21. ^ Braat? J. (?????? 1984). "Dutch Activities in the North and the Arctic during the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries" (PDF) . Arctic . ?. 37 ?. 4. ????? ?? ????? (PDF) ?? 2019-10-04.
  22. ^ Chisholm, Hugh , ed. (1911). "Barents, Willem"  . Encyclopædia Britannica (???????????) (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
  23. ^ Nordic Travel [ ???? ?????? ] ???? ?????? 23 ????? 2012 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
  24. ^ Quark Expeditions ???? ?????? 15 ?????? 2008 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
  25. ^ " Barentsz Sea ." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2007. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 5 Dec. 2007 [ ???? ?????? ] ???? ?????? 2020-06-18 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
  26. ^ Maritime Institute Willem Barentsz ???? ?????? 08 ?????? 2017 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
  27. ^ Bruijne? Antonius de (1985). De eerste tocht van de Willem Barentsz naar de Noordelijke IJszee 1878 . {{ ??????? ????? }} : ?????? author-name-list parameters ???? ???? ?? ??? ( ?????? )
  28. ^ Boot? W.J.J. (1987). De Nederlandsche Maatschappij voor de Walvischvaart . Amsterdam: Bataafsche Leeuw. ISBN : 90-6707-129-3 .
  29. ^ van Eeden,? F.J.M. (2001). Barentsz is essential for the posterior localization of oskar mRNA and colocalizes with it to the posterior pole . {{ ??????? ????? }} : ?????? author-name-list parameters ???? ???? ?? ??? ( ?????? ) ????? ?????????: ?????? ????? ????? ( link )
?????? ?? ≪ https://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=??????_??????&oldid=64519903 ≫