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?? ??? ??????? ????????????? ? ????? ??????? ?? ???????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ????? (???) ??? ???? ?? ??????? ???????. ^[1]^[2]^[3] ???? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ?? ???? : ????? ????? life extension.

????? ?????? Cellular senescence ????? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?? ????. ?????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? (???? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ????????? ) ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ( ??????? ) ?? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ?????. ?????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? aging ?? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???. ?????? ??? ??????? ???????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ????????.

???? ???????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? Homeostasis ? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? . ??? ????? ???????? ≪????? ??? ?????? ???????? ????????? ? ????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????.≫ ^[4] ????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ????????.

???? ???? [ ??? ]

???????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ? ??? ???? ???? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?/?? ???????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ????.

????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ^[5]^[6] ???? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ??? 1934 ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ????? 50%. ????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ????? ????????? ???????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ????????.

?? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????.

???? ??? ?? ???????? ??? ????? ???? ?????.

??????? ???????? [ ??? ]

????? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ???????? ?????? ??? ????? ????????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ?/?? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????.

??? ??? 2013 ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ???????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ????????? ???:

??? ????????? ??????.
???? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? (?? ????????).
??????? ??????? ????????.
????? ????????? ?????????.
????????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ?? ???????.
??? ????? ?????????.
????? ??????.
??????? ??????? ???????.
???? ????????? ??? ???????. ^[7]

?? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????????? ???????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????????? ?????? ?????. ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ????????????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ????????? ?????? ?? ????????? (?? ?????? ??????). ^[8]

????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ???????? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ???????? ???????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????????? (????????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ????)? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????. ^[9] ???? ????????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ???????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ???????? ????? ?????????? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ???????.

??? ????? ??????? (??? ??????? ?? ????? ??????): ≪?? ?????? ????????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ????????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ??????≫. ^[10]

???????? ??? ??????? [ ??? ]

????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? 80 ???. ^[11]

??????? ????? ?? ???????? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ????????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ????????? ???????? ?????????? ????????? (???? ???????) ??? ???? ????????? ^[12]^[13] ???? ??? ???? ??? ??? ?????????? ??? ??? ???????? ^[14] ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ???????? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ^[15] ???? ??????? ????????? ???? ????? ?????????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????. ^[16]

???????? ???????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ????? [ ??? ]

????? ??????? [ ??? ]

?? ???? ???????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ????????? ??? ???????? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ??. ??. ??. ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ???????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ??????? ????.

???? ???? ??? ???????? ???? ????? ?? ?? ??? 45? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? 10 ??? 20 ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ????????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ????? ??? ?? ??? 45? ???? ??? ??? ??? ???? ???? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ???????. ^[17]

?? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ???????? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????. ^[18]^[19]

???? ????? ??????? ??????? [ ??? ]

????? ???? ?? ??????? ^[20] ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????: ≪?? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????????? ???????? ?? ????? ????????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ???????? ????? ?? ??? ???????? ???????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ???? ?? ???? ????????? ?? ????????? ?? ???? ???? ???????? ??? ????????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ???????? ???????? ???? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ?? ???????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ?????≫.

????? ??????? [ ??? ]

????? ????? ???? ?????? ????????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ???? ???? ?????. ^[21]

????? ?????? [ ??? ]

?????? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ???????? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ???????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????. ^[22]

?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ????????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ??? ????????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ??? ???? ???????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ????? 50 ???? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??????. ???? ????? ???????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? (?????????) ???? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ??????. ??? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ???????? ????????? ?? ???????? ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? .

???? ?? ?????? ?? ???????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??? ??????? ???????. ????? ??????? ????????? ????? ???????? ????? ?????? ??? 85% ?? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ???????? ???????. ^[23]

??????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? [ ??? ]

???? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ????????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ???? ????????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????????????? ???????? ?? ??????? ????????? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????. ^[5]

????? ????????? [ ??? ]

???? ????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ??? 1928 ?? ????? ???????? ???? ????? ????? ???????? (???????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ?????)? ????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ????????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ?????. ^[24]

???? ????? [ ??? ]

????? [ ??? ]

^ Hayflick L? Moorhead PS (?????? 1961). "The serial cultivation of human diploid cell strains". Exp. Cell Res . ?. 25: 585?621. DOI : 10.1016/0014-4827(61)90192-6 . PMID : 13905658 .
^ "SENS Foundation" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2018-07-12.
^ Stephens C (????? 2005). "Senescence: even bacteria get old" . Curr. Biol . ?. 15 ?. 8: R308?10. DOI : 10.1016/j.cub.2005.04.006 . PMID : 15854899 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2018-09-04.
^ "Aging and Gerontology Glossary" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-10-19 . ???? ???? ?????? 2011-02-26 .
^ ^? ^? Nelson? Paul? Masel? Joanna (5 ?????? 2017). "Intercellular competition and the inevitability of multicellular aging" . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . ?. 114 ?. 49: 12982?87. DOI : 10.1073/pnas.1618854114 . PMC : 5724245 . PMID : 29087299 .
^ Wagner? Gunter P. (5 ?????? 2017). "The power of negative [theoretical] results" . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . ?. 114 ?. 49: 12851?52. DOI : 10.1073/pnas.1718862114 . PMC : 5724295 . PMID : 29162687 .
^ Lopez-Otin, C? ?????? (2013). "The hallmarks of aging" . Cell . ?. 153 ?. 6: 1194?217. DOI : 10.1016/j.cell.2013.05.039 . PMC : 3836174 . PMID : 23746838 .
^ "Aging and Gerontology Glossary" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2018-11-30 . ???? ???? ?????? 2011-02-26 .
^ Holmes GE? Bernstein C? Bernstein H (?????? 1992). "Oxidative and other DNA damages as the basis of aging: a review". Mutat. Res . ?. 275 ?. 3?6: 305?15. DOI : 10.1016/0921-8734(92)90034-m . PMID : 1383772 .
^ Williams? G.C. (1957). "Pleiotropy, natural selection, and the evolution of senescence" . Evolution . ?. 11 ?. 4: 398?411. DOI : 10.2307/2406060 . JSTOR : 2406060 .
^ Austad, S (2009). "Comparative Biology of Aging" . J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci . ?. 64 ?. 2: 199?201. DOI : 10.1093/gerona/gln060 . PMC : 2655036 . PMID : 19223603 .
^ Ackermann? M.? Stearns? S. C.? Jenal? U. (2003). "Senescence in a bacterium with asymmetric division" . Science . ?. 300 ?. 5627: 1920. DOI : 10.1126/science.1083532 . PMID : 12817142 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-12-15.
^ Stewart? E. J.? Madden? R.? Paul? G.? Taddei? F. (2005). "Aging and Death in an Organism That Reproduces by Morphologically Symmetric Division" . PLoS Biology . ?. 3 ?. 2: e45. DOI : 10.1371/journal.pbio.0030045 . PMC : 546039 . PMID : 15685293 . {{ ??????? ?????? ????? }}: ????? ?????????: ??? ????? ??? ???? ( link )
^ Da?ko? Maciej J.? Kozłowski? Jan? Schaible? Ralf (2015). "Unraveling the non-senescence phenomenon in Hydra". Journal of Theoretical Biology . ?. 382: 137?49. DOI : 10.1016/j.jtbi.2015.06.043 . ISSN : 0022-5193 . PMID : 26163368 .
^ Thomas C. J. Tan? Ruman Rahman? Farah Jaber-Hijazi? Daniel A. Felix? Chen Chen? Edward J. Louis? Aziz Aboobaker (?????? 2012). "Telomere maintenance and telomerase activity are differentially regulated in asexual and sexual worms" . PNAS . ?. 109 ?. 9: 4209?14. Bibcode : 2012PNAS..109.4209T . DOI : 10.1073/pnas.1118885109 . PMC : 3306686 . PMID : 22371573 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-12-15. {{ ??????? ?????? ????? }}: ?????? ??? ??????? |last-author-amp= ?? ?????? ????? ??????? |name-list-style= ( ?????? )
^ W. Vaupel? James? Baudisch? Annette? Dolling? Martin? A. Roach? Deborah? Gampe? Jutta (????? 2004). "The case for negative senescence". Theoretical Population Biology . ?. 65 ?. 4: 339?51. DOI : 10.1016/j.tpb.2003.12.003 . PMID : 15136009 .
^ Fabian? Daniel? Flatt? Thomas (2011). "The Evolution of Aging" . Scitable . Nature Publishing Group . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-03-31.
^ Medawar PB (1946). "Old age and natural death". Modern Quarterly . ?. 1: 30?56.
^ Medawar? Peter B. (1952). An Unsolved Problem of Biology . London: H. K. Lewis. ^{[
????? ???? ??????
]}
^ Williams? George C. (?????? 1957). "Pleiotropy, Natural Selection, and the Evolution of Senescence" . Evolution . ?. 11 ?. 4: 398?411. DOI : 10.2307/2406060 . JSTOR : 2406060 .
^ Bowen RL? Atwood CS (2011). "The reproductive-cell cycle theory of aging: an update". Experimental Gerontology . ?. 46 ?. 2: 100?07. DOI : 10.1016/j.exger.2010.09.007 . PMID : 20851172 .
^ Bernstein? H? Payne? CM? Bernstein? C? Garewal? H? Dvorak? K (2008). "Cancer and aging as consequences of un-repaired DNA damage." . ?? Kimura? Honoka? Suzuki? Aoi (????????). New Research on DNA Damage . Nova Science Publishers. ?. 1?47. ISBN : 978-1604565812 . ^{[
???? ??????
]}
^ Hanahan D? Weinberg RA (????? 2000). "The hallmarks of cancer". Cell . ?. 100 ?. 1: 57?70. DOI : 10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81683-9 . PMID : 10647931 .
^ Pearl? Raymond (1928). The Rate of Living, Being an Account of Some Experimental Studies on the Biology of Life Duration . New York: Alfred A. Knopf. ^{[
????? ???? ??????
]}

?? ????? ??? ?????? ??: ???

????? ??????? ????

[1] Hayflick L? Moorhead PS (?????? 1961). "The serial cultivation of human diploid cell strains". Exp. Cell Res . ?. 25: 585?621. DOI : 10.1016/0014-4827(61)90192-6 . PMID : 13905658 .

[2] "SENS Foundation" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2018-07-12.

[3] Stephens C (????? 2005). "Senescence: even bacteria get old" . Curr. Biol . ?. 15 ?. 8: R308?10. DOI : 10.1016/j.cub.2005.04.006 . PMID : 15854899 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2018-09-04.

[4] "Aging and Gerontology Glossary" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-10-19 . ???? ???? ?????? 2011-02-26 .

[nelson_2017-5] ? ^? Nelson? Paul? Masel? Joanna (5 ?????? 2017). "Intercellular competition and the inevitability of multicellular aging" . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . ?. 114 ?. 49: 12982?87. DOI : 10.1073/pnas.1618854114 . PMC : 5724245 . PMID : 29087299 .

[6] Wagner? Gunter P. (5 ?????? 2017). "The power of negative [theoretical] results" . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . ?. 114 ?. 49: 12851?52. DOI : 10.1073/pnas.1718862114 . PMC : 5724295 . PMID : 29162687 .

[pmid23746838-7] Lopez-Otin, C? ?????? (2013). "The hallmarks of aging" . Cell . ?. 153 ?. 6: 1194?217. DOI : 10.1016/j.cell.2013.05.039 . PMC : 3836174 . PMID : 23746838 .

[8] "Aging and Gerontology Glossary" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2018-11-30 . ???? ???? ?????? 2011-02-26 .

[pmid1383772-9] Holmes GE? Bernstein C? Bernstein H (?????? 1992). "Oxidative and other DNA damages as the basis of aging: a review". Mutat. Res . ?. 275 ?. 3?6: 305?15. DOI : 10.1016/0921-8734(92)90034-m . PMID : 1383772 .

[10] Williams? G.C. (1957). "Pleiotropy, natural selection, and the evolution of senescence" . Evolution . ?. 11 ?. 4: 398?411. DOI : 10.2307/2406060 . JSTOR : 2406060 .

[11] Austad, S (2009). "Comparative Biology of Aging" . J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci . ?. 64 ?. 2: 199?201. DOI : 10.1093/gerona/gln060 . PMC : 2655036 . PMID : 19223603 .

[12] Ackermann? M.? Stearns? S. C.? Jenal? U. (2003). "Senescence in a bacterium with asymmetric division" . Science . ?. 300 ?. 5627: 1920. DOI : 10.1126/science.1083532 . PMID : 12817142 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-12-15.

[13] Stewart? E. J.? Madden? R.? Paul? G.? Taddei? F. (2005). "Aging and Death in an Organism That Reproduces by Morphologically Symmetric Division" . PLoS Biology . ?. 3 ?. 2: e45. DOI : 10.1371/journal.pbio.0030045 . PMC : 546039 . PMID : 15685293 . {{ ??????? ?????? ????? }}: ????? ?????????: ??? ????? ??? ???? ( link )

[Dańko_Kozłowski_Schaible_2015_pp._137–149-14] Da?ko? Maciej J.? Kozłowski? Jan? Schaible? Ralf (2015). "Unraveling the non-senescence phenomenon in Hydra". Journal of Theoretical Biology . ?. 382: 137?49. DOI : 10.1016/j.jtbi.2015.06.043 . ISSN : 0022-5193 . PMID : 26163368 .

[15] Thomas C. J. Tan? Ruman Rahman? Farah Jaber-Hijazi? Daniel A. Felix? Chen Chen? Edward J. Louis? Aziz Aboobaker (?????? 2012). "Telomere maintenance and telomerase activity are differentially regulated in asexual and sexual worms" . PNAS . ?. 109 ?. 9: 4209?14. Bibcode : 2012PNAS..109.4209T . DOI : 10.1073/pnas.1118885109 . PMC : 3306686 . PMID : 22371573 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-12-15. {{ ??????? ?????? ????? }}: ?????? ??? ??????? |last-author-amp= ?? ?????? ????? ??????? |name-list-style= ( ?????? )

[16] W. Vaupel? James? Baudisch? Annette? Dolling? Martin? A. Roach? Deborah? Gampe? Jutta (????? 2004). "The case for negative senescence". Theoretical Population Biology . ?. 65 ?. 4: 339?51. DOI : 10.1016/j.tpb.2003.12.003 . PMID : 15136009 .

[17] Fabian? Daniel? Flatt? Thomas (2011). "The Evolution of Aging" . Scitable . Nature Publishing Group . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-03-31.

[18] Medawar PB (1946). "Old age and natural death". Modern Quarterly . ?. 1: 30?56.

[19] Medawar? Peter B. (1952). An Unsolved Problem of Biology . London: H. K. Lewis. ^{[
????? ???? ??????
]}

[20] Williams? George C. (?????? 1957). "Pleiotropy, Natural Selection, and the Evolution of Senescence" . Evolution . ?. 11 ?. 4: 398?411. DOI : 10.2307/2406060 . JSTOR : 2406060 .

[pmid20851172-21] Bowen RL? Atwood CS (2011). "The reproductive-cell cycle theory of aging: an update". Experimental Gerontology . ?. 46 ?. 2: 100?07. DOI : 10.1016/j.exger.2010.09.007 . PMID : 20851172 .

[KimuraSuzuki2008-22] Bernstein? H? Payne? CM? Bernstein? C? Garewal? H? Dvorak? K (2008). "Cancer and aging as consequences of un-repaired DNA damage." . ?? Kimura? Honoka? Suzuki? Aoi (????????). New Research on DNA Damage . Nova Science Publishers. ?. 1?47. ISBN : 978-1604565812 . ^{[
???? ??????
]}

[pmid10647931-23] Hanahan D? Weinberg RA (????? 2000). "The hallmarks of cancer". Cell . ?. 100 ?. 1: 57?70. DOI : 10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81683-9 . PMID : 10647931 .

[24] Pearl? Raymond (1928). The Rate of Living, Being an Account of Some Experimental Studies on the Biology of Life Duration . New York: Alfred A. Knopf. ^{[
????? ???? ??????
]}

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?????? ?????? ? ??????	??? ????? ( ????? ?????? ) ???? ?????????????? Bronfenbrenner ( ????? ????? ??????????? ) ???? ??????? ( ????? ??????? ) ??????? ????? ( ????? ????? ) ????? ?????? ( ?????? ???????? ) ??? ?????? ( ?????? ??????? ) ??? ?????????? ???????? ( ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ) ??? ????? ??????? ???????