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????????	Department of Near Eastern Antiquities of the Louvre (en) (1903 ? )
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???? ????????	Namara (en)
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??? ????????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ???? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ??? 328? ???? ?? ??? ????? ???????? ???????. ??? ???? ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ??????. ?????? ?????? ???????? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ????? ?? ???? ????? ? ??? ???? ???????? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? . ??? ?? ????? ????? ????? ??? ????? 328 ?????? ???? ??? ???????? ???? ?????. ^[3]???????? ?? ????? ?? ???????? ??? ??? ????????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? . ????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????.

????????? [ ??? ]

??? ?????????? ????? ???? ???????? ????? ??? 1901? ??? ???? ??? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ????? . ^[4]

????? [ ??? ]

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???? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? 1905 ?? ??? ????? ????? ????? ???? . ???? ????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ?????. ???? ?? ?????? ?? ?????????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ???????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???????? ???? ???? ???????? ????????:

??? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????:

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?????. ???? ??? 223 ??? 7 ??????. ?????? ???? ????? . ^[7]≫

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??? ??? 1985 ??? ???????? ???????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ???????. ??? ??? ???????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ≪????≫ ? ≪???≫? ????????? ??? ???????? ≪????≫ ? ≪???≫ ??? ???????. ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ??????? ????????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ???????:

?? (???) ????? (????? ???) ???? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????.
??????? ???????? ????? ???????? ???????? ???? ????? (???? ????? ???? ???????? ≪?? ???≫? ????? ??? ???) ???? (?? ???? ?????) ????? (??????? ??????) ?? ?????? (?????) ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ??? (??? ?????? ?? ?????) ??????? ????? ?????? (???? ??????? ??????? ????) ?????? (?? ??? ??????? ????? ???????) ????? ????? (??????? ?????? ???? ?????) ??? ???? ??? ????????.
???? (??? ???) ??? ????? 223? ??? 7 ?????? (????? ?????)? ?????????? ?? (????) ?????? (????? ?? ???? ???? ??). ^[8]

????? ???????? ????? [ ??? ]

??? ???? ???????? ???????? ???? ?? ??? 1997 ? ????? ???? ?????? ^[9]^[10]???? ?? ?????? ????????:

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??? ???? ??? 223? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ? ?? ??? ?? ???? .

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.

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??? ???? ???????? "???? ??????" - ????? ????? ??????? ????????? ????????? ?? ????? ????? ? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ??? 2021 ? ^[11]???? ?? ?????? ????????:

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???? ?? ???? ???????? ??????? ??? ???????? ????????? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ??? 2009? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ???????? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ????. ^[12]??? ???? ???? - ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ???????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?????. ????? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ??? ^[13] ?? ???? ????? ??????????? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ???????. ^[14] ?????? ?????? ????? ???????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ???????:

???? (?????? ??? ??) ????? (????) ???? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?? ???? ????? (?????)? ??????? ????????? (??? ???? ??????) ??????? (??? ?????? ??????) ???????????.
??????? (????) ??????? (????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??) ????? (??? ???? ??????)? ???? (?? ?????) ???????? (???????? ??????) ?? ?????? (?????? ?????? ??????) ??????? ????? ????? (????? ????? ??????)? ?????? ?????? (??? ?????? ?? ?????)? ??????? (?????? ??????? ?? ?? ??? ??????? ???????) ????? (???????? ?? ????? ????) ?????? (????? ????? ??????)? ???????????? (??????????? ??? ?????) ???????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? (?? ???? ??? ??????) ???????? (?? ???????? ????).
????? ?????? (???? ??????) ????? 223 (?? ????? ????? ??????? 328?)? ????? 7 ??????? (????? ?????)? ?????????? (?????????) ?? (????) ??????? (??????????).

?????? ???????? ??? ????? [ ??? ]

??? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ??????? ????????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????. ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ???????? ??????????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ?????. ???? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ???????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????. ??? ???????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ????.

???? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ≪????≫ ???? ????? ?? ??????? ????????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ≪????≫ ?? ≪??? ???≫ ?? ≪???? ???≫. ??? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ≪ ????? ????? ???? ????... ≫? ???????? ≪ ???? ???? ???... ≫. ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ??? ?? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??? ????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ????? ????. ?? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ????????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????.

??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ????? ? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ????????? ????? ??????. ???? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ???? ????? ?????????? ????????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ? ??? ?? ???????? ??????????? ??????? ????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ???????. ?? ?? ???? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ???????? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????. ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ???????. ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ???? "???????"? ???????? ????? ?????? "???- ????"? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ??????. ?? ??? ????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ???????? ????? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ???? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ????????". ???? ????? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????. ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ????????.

??????? ????? ????? ??? ?? ????? ???????? ??? ?????? ≪???≫ ?? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ???? ???? ???? ???? ? ??? ???? ????? ?????. ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ????????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ??????. ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????. ???? ??? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ???? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ^[15] ?? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ????. ?????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ?? ??? ????? ??? ?? ????? ?? ???? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?????. ??? ?? ????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?????. ???? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ≪???? ?????≫ ?? ??? ???????? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ??? ???????? ≪?? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?? ????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????≫.

??? ???????? [ ??? ]

?? : ≪???≫??? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ???????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?????: (??? ?????? ???: ???? ?? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ?????: ??? ??????? ??? ??????? ??? ??????). ???? ???? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ? ????? ????? ?? (??) ?? ??? ??????? ?? (???) ?? ??? (??) ?????? ??????? ????? (??? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ???)? ??? ???? ????? ?????? (??? ?????) ??? ???? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ?? (??) ??????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? (??). ??? ?? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ??? (??? ????????? ????????? ??????? .... ??? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ???????)? ?? ??? ??? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ^[16]
??? : ≪???≫? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ??????? "????"? ???????? ??? ??????? ?????? (??? ????) ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ???????? ????? (???? ????).
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??? : ≪???≫? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? . ^[17]
??? : ≪????≫ ????? ???? ????? ?? ?????.
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???????? : ????? ???????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ??? . ??? ???????? ???? ????? ?????? ? ??? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??? ????? (?l-??ryn) ????? ?????????.
??????? : ????? ?????? ???????. ??? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ≪???≫. ??? ???????? ???? ????? ?????? ? ??? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??? ????? (?rb) ????? ????.
???? : ????? ???????? ???? ????? "???". ??? ?????? ???? ??????? "??"? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? "???". ??? ????? ???????? ???????? "???? ??????" ??? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?? ≪?? ???≫ ????? ≪??? ???≫. ^[8]??? ?????? "??? ????" ??? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ≪????≫ ???? ?? ????? ≪???≫ ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ???.
???? : ≪????≫ ? ≪????≫. ??? ???????? ???? ????? ?????? ? ??? ???? ????? ??? (b-zg-h) ? (??-???-??) ????? "?????" ? ????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ?????.
??? : ≪???≫? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????: ?????. ??? ???????? ???? ????? ?????? ? ??? ???? ????? ??? (rtg) ? (???) ????? "?????" ? ???? ??? ????? ?? ??? ????? ??????.
??? : ?? ??? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ??? ???? ???????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? "???? ?????". ???? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ??? "??? ?????".
??? 223 : ?????? ???? ????? ????? ? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ??? 105? . ???? ????? ????? ????? ??? 328? .
????? : ?? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ≪ ?????? ≫.

????? [ ??? ]

^ ??????? ??????? ???? ??????: 010123278 . ??????: 27 ????? 2023.
^ ^? ^? ^? ??????? ??????? ???? ??????: 010123278 . ??????: 29 ????? 2023.
^ ???? ??????? ??????? ???????: ?? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ????????. ???? ?????. ????? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? 2017-06-14 ?? Wayback Machine
^ ??????? ???????? ?????? ? ????? ????? ??? ?????? - ^{[
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^ ???? ???? ??????...??????? ???????? ????? ??????? ???????? ????? ?????? 22 ??? 2012 ???? ?????? 2016-03-04 ?? Wayback Machine
^ ??????? "????????" ?????? ???? ?????? ???? eSyria ???? ?????? 2016-03-08 ?? Wayback Machine
^ ???? ?????? ? 08-30-2009? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??????? . ???? ?????? 2016-03-07 ?? Wayback Machine
^ ^? ^? Bellamy, James A. The new Reading of al-Namarah Inscription. Journal of the American Oriental Society. 1985.105: PP 31-48.
^ Arabie heureuse. Arabie deserte - Christian Julien Robin - page 205- 206. ???? ?????? 2024-03-14 ?? Wayback Machine
^ Arabie heureuse. Arabie deserte - Christian Julien Robin - page 206. ???? ?????? 2024-03-14 ?? Wayback Machine
^ The particle ?kdy in the Nam?rah inscription and a new interpretation - Ahmad Al-Jallad - page 370. ???? ?????? 2024-03-14 ?? Wayback Machine
^ ????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? - ??? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? 2016-04-01 ?? Wayback Machine
^ ??? ????? ???????? ????? ????? ??????: ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? 328?? ?? ???? DeArabizing Arabia: Tracing Western Scholarship on the History of the Arabs and Arabic Language and Script. 2011. New York: Blautopf Publishing ???? ?????? 2017-01-21 ?? Wayback Machine
^ Saad D. Abulhab. DeArabizing Arabia: Tracing Western Scholarship on the History of the Arabs and Arabic Language and Script. 2011. New York: Blautopf Publishing. 240 pg. 24 cm. ???? ?????? 2014-09-22 ?? Wayback Machine
^ Forvm Ancient Coins. Nabataean Numerals and Number Words. http://www.forumancientcoins.com ???? ?????? 2020-07-29 ?? Wayback Machine
^ (??) ????? ????? ????? ???? (???? ?? ????) ??? (??) ???? ????? (??? ?? ???) ??? ????? ??? ??? ????? ???????. ?(????) ???? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? (???).
^ DASI: Digital Archive for the Study of pre-islamic arabian- Y.85.AQ/11 Eryani 57. ???? ?????? 2024-03-14 ?? Wayback Machine

???? ????? [ ??? ]

?? ????? ??? ?????? ??: ??? ???????

[3e374f9b6983132dbc1a787b302f16a2db93a2c3-1] ??????? ??????? ???? ??????: 010123278 . ??????: 27 ????? 2023.

[3e126f2164089930cbc468bef8d30550170f9633-2] ? ^? ^? ??????? ??????? ???? ??????: 010123278 . ??????: 29 ????? 2023.

[3] ???? ??????? ??????? ???????: ?? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ????????. ???? ?????. ????? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? 2017-06-14 ?? Wayback Machine

[4] ??????? ???????? ?????? ? ????? ????? ??? ?????? - ^{[
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[5] ???? ???? ??????...??????? ???????? ????? ??????? ???????? ????? ?????? 22 ??? 2012 ???? ?????? 2016-03-04 ?? Wayback Machine

[6] ??????? "????????" ?????? ???? ?????? ???? eSyria ???? ?????? 2016-03-08 ?? Wayback Machine

[7] ???? ?????? ? 08-30-2009? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??????? . ???? ?????? 2016-03-07 ?? Wayback Machine

[Bellamy,_James_A_1985._PP_31-48-8] ? ^? Bellamy, James A. The new Reading of al-Namarah Inscription. Journal of the American Oriental Society. 1985.105: PP 31-48.

[9] Arabie heureuse. Arabie deserte - Christian Julien Robin - page 205- 206. ???? ?????? 2024-03-14 ?? Wayback Machine

[10] Arabie heureuse. Arabie deserte - Christian Julien Robin - page 206. ???? ?????? 2024-03-14 ?? Wayback Machine

[11] The particle ?kdy in the Nam?rah inscription and a new interpretation - Ahmad Al-Jallad - page 370. ???? ?????? 2024-03-14 ?? Wayback Machine

[12] ????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? - ??? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? 2016-04-01 ?? Wayback Machine

[13] ??? ????? ???????? ????? ????? ??????: ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? 328?? ?? ???? DeArabizing Arabia: Tracing Western Scholarship on the History of the Arabs and Arabic Language and Script. 2011. New York: Blautopf Publishing ???? ?????? 2017-01-21 ?? Wayback Machine

[14] Saad D. Abulhab. DeArabizing Arabia: Tracing Western Scholarship on the History of the Arabs and Arabic Language and Script. 2011. New York: Blautopf Publishing. 240 pg. 24 cm. ???? ?????? 2014-09-22 ?? Wayback Machine

[15] Forvm Ancient Coins. Nabataean Numerals and Number Words. http://www.forumancientcoins.com ???? ?????? 2020-07-29 ?? Wayback Machine

[16] (??) ????? ????? ????? ???? (???? ?? ????) ??? (??) ???? ????? (??? ?? ???) ??? ????? ??? ??? ????? ???????. ?(????) ???? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? (???).

[17] DASI: Digital Archive for the Study of pre-islamic arabian- Y.85.AQ/11 Eryani 57. ???? ?????? 2024-03-14 ?? Wayback Machine

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