??? ??????????

??? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ????? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ????????? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??? ^[1] ? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ^[2] ? ??? ?????? ????? ^[3] ? ???? ???? ???????? ^[4] ? ??? ???? ^[5] ? ?????? ?????? ^[6] ? ???? ??? ????? . ^[7]

????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????????? ???? ????? ??????????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ??? ???????? -?? ???? ????? ??????? ????????? ??????????? ?????????- ???? ????????. ^[8]

???? ????? ?????? ?????????? ???? ???? ????? ?????: ????? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ??? ????????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ????? ???????. ^[9]

????? [ ??? ]

??? ??? ?????? -???? ??? ?????- ???? ??????? ??????? (?? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ?????) ?????? ?? ?????????? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ????????? ?? ??????? ?? ?? ????? ???? ???? ??? ?????:

????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?? ????? ???????? ?????????? ????? ≪???? ?????? ?????? ????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ????? ???????≫ ??? ?? ??? ??? ?????. ??? ??? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ????????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ????????? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ???????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ?????????? ?????????. ^[10]
??? ???? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????????? ?? ??????? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ???????. ???? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ???????. ??? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????????? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? . ^[10]
????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ???????? ??????????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ???????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????. ^[11]

?????? ???????? ??? ???? ??????? [ ??? ]

??? ?????? ????? ? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????????? ????????? ?? ??????? ? ??? ≪?? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????≫.

?? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ???????? ?????????? ?? ???????? ???? ?????? ???????? ???????: ???? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ???? ?? ????????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????. ?????? ??? 1946 ????? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ???????? ????? ??????? ?????. ^[12]

?? 18 ????? 1985 ????? ????? ???? ?? -???? ??? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ????????- ????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ????????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ????. ???? ?? ??????? ????????? ??????? ????????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ???????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? (???? ????? ??????? ???????) ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ????????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ???. ??? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ?????. ^[13]

???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ? ???? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?? ??? ???????? ?????????. ???? ???? ????? ???????? ?? ??? ??????????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ?? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ????. ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ????

???? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???? ≪???? ???????≫ ??? ?? ??? ??????≫. ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ???????? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????. ???? ???????? ?????????? ???? ???????? ????? ?????? ????????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ???. ^[14]

?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ?? 8 ????? 1992 ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ????????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ?????????.

???? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ?????????? ??????? ??? ≪??????? ????????≫ ????????? ≪???????≫ ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????. ???? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?? ?????????? ????????? ?????????? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ??? ?? ???????? ????? ???????. ???? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ≪???????≫ ???? ??????? (???? ??? ??? ??? ≪??? ???? ???? ?????? ????????≫) ?? ???? ??? ???? ????? ????????. ≪???? ??????? ?? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ????????? (??? ??? ????) ??? ????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ???. ??? ???? ???? ?????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ??? ?????≫. ^[15]

??????? [ ??? ]

???? ??? ?????????? ????? ????? ???????? ??????????? ??????????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ????????? ???? ???????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ????????? ??? ≪?????????? ?????≫. ??? ????? ??????? ????????? ????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ????????? ?? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ???????? ?? ??? ????????. ???? ??? ??????? ???? ???????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????? ≪?????? ??????? ?????????≫ ???? ???????? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???????. ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????. ?????? ????? ??? 2006 ???? ????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ≪??????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ????????≫? ???????? ??? ≪???? ?? ??? ??? ????????≫ ?? ???? ???????. ^[16] ????? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ??? ??? ?? ????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ????. ?????? ????? ??? 2014 ???? ???? ???????? ???? ?? 300 ???? ????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ???? ????? ????????? ????????? ???? ?????. ?????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ????? ?? ???? ≪?????? ??????? ?????≫. ^[17]

??????? [ ??? ]

?????? ??? ???????? ????? ??? ?????????? ?????? ????? ???????? ???????? ????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ??????. ???? ?????????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ????????. ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ???????? ????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ????????. ^[18]^[19]^[20]

?????? [ ??? ]

????? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??? ≪??? ?????? ??? ???≫ ??? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ???????? ???????? ??????? ???? ?????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ≪???? ????? ??????≫ ?????? ???????? ?? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????? ????????????? ??? ???? ??????: ???? ??????? ??????? ??????????. ^[21]

?????? ????? ??????? ??????? [ ??? ]

??? ???????? ??? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ???????. ???? ??? ??? ??? ? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ????????? ( ??????? ???????? ) ?? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ?????????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? . ??? ??? 2012 ??? ??? ????? ?? ?????????? ????????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??? ???????? ????? ???? ???? ???????? ?? ?????. ^[22]

??? ???? ??? ????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ?? ??????? ????????? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ???????? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ????????. ^[22]

????? [ ??? ]

^ Roy, Failure of Political Islam, (1994)
^ Aslan, Reza, No God But God : The Origins, Evolution, and Future of Islam, Random House, 2005
^ Meddeb, Abelwahab (2003). The Malady of Islam. Basic Books
^ Fluehr-Lobban, Carolyn ed., Against Islamic Extremism: The Writings of Muhammad Sa'id al-Ashmawy, Gainesville: University Press of Florida, (1998)
^ Kepel, Gilles, Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam by Gilles Kepel, Cambridge, Mass. : Harvard University Press, 2002
^ Jihad and Jew Hatred." Voices on Antisemitism. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. 17 July 2008. Web. 19 August 2013. Transcript.
^ Abu al-Fadl, Khaled, Great Theft : wrestling Islam from the extremists, New York, NY : HarperSanFrancisco, c2005
^ ??? ??????????
^ ??? ??????????: p. 82
^ ^? ^? ??? ??????????: p. 8
^ ??? ??????????: p. 11
^ A Clarification of Questions, An Unabridged Translation of Resaleh Towzih al-Masael by Ayatollah Sayyed Ruhollah Mousavi Khomeini), Translated by J. Borujerdi, with a Foreword by Michael M. J. Fischer and Mehdi Abedi, Westview Press/ Boulder and London 1984
^ Packer? George (11 ?????? 2006). "Letter from Sudan. The Moderate Martyr" . The New Yorker . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-01-15 . ???? ???? ?????? 2015-12-16 .
^ ??? ??????????: p. 39
^ ??? ??????????: p. 287
^ Varghese? Johnlee (16 ????? 2014). "Crack in the Caliphate: ISIS Executes Dozens of its Own Men in Iraq and Syria" . International Business Times. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2015-12-23 . ???? ???? ?????? 2015-12-18 .
^ "ISIS executes one of its Sharia judges" . Middle East Monitor. 10 ???? 2015. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2016-03-30 . ???? ???? ?????? 2015-12-18 .
^ "Another battle with Islam's 'true believers' " . The Globe and Mail . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2016-01-19.
^ "Archived copy" (PDF) . ????? ?? ????? (PDF) ?? 2014-08-02 . ???? ???? ?????? 2015-11-17 . {{ ??????? ??? }}: ????? ?????????: ??????? ?????? ( link )
^ Mohamad Jebara More Mohamad Jebara (6 ?????? 2015). "Imam Mohamad Jebara: Fruits of the tree of extremism" . Ottawa Citizen . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-05-10.
^ Osman, Tarek, Egypt on the brink , 2010, p. 111
^ ^? ^? "Islam, Egypt and political theory: Echec mate" . The Economist . 5 ????? 2013. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2018-04-16 . ???? ???? ?????? 2013-07-06 .

[1] Roy, Failure of Political Islam, (1994)

[2] Aslan, Reza, No God But God : The Origins, Evolution, and Future of Islam, Random House, 2005

[3] Meddeb, Abelwahab (2003). The Malady of Islam. Basic Books

[4] Fluehr-Lobban, Carolyn ed., Against Islamic Extremism: The Writings of Muhammad Sa'id al-Ashmawy, Gainesville: University Press of Florida, (1998)

[5] Kepel, Gilles, Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam by Gilles Kepel, Cambridge, Mass. : Harvard University Press, 2002

[6] Jihad and Jew Hatred." Voices on Antisemitism. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. 17 July 2008. Web. 19 August 2013. Transcript.

[7] Abu al-Fadl, Khaled, Great Theft : wrestling Islam from the extremists, New York, NY : HarperSanFrancisco, c2005

[ORFPI1994-8] ??? ??????????

[AEFGT2005:82-9] ??? ??????????: p. 82

[KAFPTI2002:8-10] ? ^? ??? ??????????: p. 8

[ref-11] ??? ??????????: p. 11

[12] A Clarification of Questions, An Unabridged Translation of Resaleh Towzih al-Masael by Ayatollah Sayyed Ruhollah Mousavi Khomeini), Translated by J. Borujerdi, with a Foreword by Michael M. J. Fischer and Mehdi Abedi, Westview Press/ Boulder and London 1984

[PACKER-9-11-2006-13] Packer? George (11 ?????? 2006). "Letter from Sudan. The Moderate Martyr" . The New Yorker . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-01-15 . ???? ???? ?????? 2015-12-16 .

[GFFPI2003:39-14] ??? ??????????: p. 39

[GKJTPI2002:287-15] ??? ??????????: p. 287

[Varghese-7-16-2014-16] Varghese? Johnlee (16 ????? 2014). "Crack in the Caliphate: ISIS Executes Dozens of its Own Men in Iraq and Syria" . International Business Times. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2015-12-23 . ???? ???? ?????? 2015-12-18 .

[MEM-10-3-15-17] "ISIS executes one of its Sharia judges" . Middle East Monitor. 10 ???? 2015. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2016-03-30 . ???? ???? ?????? 2015-12-18 .

[18] "Another battle with Islam's 'true believers' " . The Globe and Mail . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2016-01-19.

[19] "Archived copy" (PDF) . ????? ?? ????? (PDF) ?? 2014-08-02 . ???? ???? ?????? 2015-11-17 . {{ ??????? ??? }}: ????? ?????????: ??????? ?????? ( link )

[20] Mohamad Jebara More Mohamad Jebara (6 ?????? 2015). "Imam Mohamad Jebara: Fruits of the tree of extremism" . Ottawa Citizen . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-05-10.

[Osman.p111-21] Osman, Tarek, Egypt on the brink , 2010, p. 111

[echec-22] ? ^? "Islam, Egypt and political theory: Echec mate" . The Economist . 5 ????? 2013. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2018-04-16 . ???? ???? ?????? 2013-07-06 .

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