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???? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ???????? ^[2] ?? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????. ??????? ??????? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???? ??? ???????? ????? ????? ???? ???????? ??? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ?????????? ?????????? ??????. ?? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????? ? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ??????. ??? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???????. ^{[
????? ?????
]} ?? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?????? (??? ????? ??? ???? ????????? ????????).

????? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? [ ??? ]

???? [ ??? ]

????? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ???????? ??? ???? ?? 40 ?????. ???? ??? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ????? ????? (Mount Carmel) ?? ??? 1926?. ^[3] ????? ???? ??? ???????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ????????? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ???????????. ^[4]

?? ????? ? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ??? ???? ????????? ???????? CLSC ? ????? ???? ????????? ???????? ??? ?? ??? ?????????? ?? ??????? ??????? ????? ?? ????. ^[5]

????? [ ??? ]

???? ?? ?????? ??? ??? 2011? 32,812 ?????? ????? ????????? ? 37,374 ?????? ????? ???????. ^[6]

???????? [ ??? ]

?????? ????? (( ??????????? : centro de saude‏)) ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ???????. ???????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???????? ? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????. ????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ????? ???? ???????? ??????????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ?? 15000 ???? ?? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?? ??? ???????. ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????????? ??????????? ??????????? ????????? ?????????.

?? ??? 2008? ?? ????? ???? ?? 300 ???? ??? ?? ????? 70 ?????? ???? ( agrupamentos de centros de saude ) ?? ACES. ????? ?? ACES ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????????. ??? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ACES ????? ????? ?????? ? ???? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ????????.

????? ??? ACES ?? ????? ?????????? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ????????? ( unidades locais de saude ) ?? ULS. ???? ULS ??? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????. ?? ??????? ???? ???????? ?????? ??? ???????. ???? (????).

??????? ??????? [ ??? ]

??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ≪???????? ???????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?????≫. ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??? ?? ???????? ^[7] ?? ??? 1920? ??? ???? ?? ????? ????. ??? ??????? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ????? ??? ??? ?? ???????? ????????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????. ????? ??? 1939? ?? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ???????. ^[8] ^:380 ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ??? 1948? ???? ?? ???? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ≪?? ??? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ??? ???????? ?????? ?? ??? ????????? ???????≫ - ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??????. ??? ??? ???? ????? ?????????? ?? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????. ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? 1948 ??? 1974.

?? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? 1952. ^[9] ????? ?????? ??? 6 ????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ???????. ???? ????? ?????? ????? 163,000 ???? ????????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????. ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ??????. ??? ?? ????? ? ??? ???? 4 ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????? ??????. ^[8] ^:386

??? ??????? ??????? ≪???? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ????????? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ???????≫. ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????. ^[10] ?? ??? 1965 ?? ??? ???? ??? 30 ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ? 3 ?? ????????. ??? ????? ??? 1974 ??? ???? 566 ?? ??????? ? 29 ?? ???? ? 59 ?? ????????. ^[11] ??? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? 1973? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ???????? ????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????. ^[12] ??? ????? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ≪????? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ???≫.

???? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ???????? ?? ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ??? 2008. ???? ??? ???????? ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ????????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ???????.

???????? ??????? ????????? [ ??? ]

???? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???????. ????? ????? ????? ????????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ????????? ???? ?????? ?????.

?? ???????? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ????????? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????? (MUAs) ????? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????. ?? ????? ??? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????????. ?? ??? 2006? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? 13 ? 64 ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????????. ^[13]

??????? / ?????? ????????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????? (HRSA) ??? ???? ????? ???: ??? ???? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ? / ?? ?????? ??? ???????. ???? HRSA ????? ??? ???????? ??????? (HPSAs) ??? ???? ????? ?? ??? ?? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ???????? ??? ???? ??????? (?????? ?? ????? ????)? ?? ?????????? (?????? ??? ????? ???????) ?? ?????? (???? ??? ????? ???? ??? ???? ????????? ?? ???? ??? ???).

???? ???? [ ??? ]

??????? [ ??? ]

^ ???? ????: https://vwgc.be/ .
^ ??????? ????? ?????????? (???????? ???????????). ??????????: ????? ????? ???????? . 1990. ?. 9. ISBN : 978-92-9021-114-3 . OCLC : 4769937767 . QID : Q112634854 .
^ "About Community Health Centres | CACHC | ACCSC" . www.cachc.ca . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2018-02-23 . ???? ???? ?????? 2018-09-11 .
^ "Association of Ontario Health Centres" . Association of Ontario Health Centres. 24 ?????? 2013. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2013-09-27 . ???? ???? ?????? 2013-09-24 .
^ "Local Community Services Centres (CLSCs)" . Sante Montreal Portal . Gouvernement du Quebec. 2014. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2014-08-12 . ???? ???? ?????? 2014-08-10 .
^ "Statistical Communique on the 2011 National Economic and Social Development" . stats.gov.cn . ?????? ?????? ????????? ?? ??????? ????? ??????? ^[??????????]. 22 ?????? 2012. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2012-08-06 . ???? ???? ?????? 2012-09-05 .
^ Consultative Council on Medical and Allied Services (27 ???? 1920). "Interim Report on the Future Provision of Medical and Allied Services 1920 (Lord Dawson of Penn)" . Socialist Health Association . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2013-12-24 . ???? ???? ?????? 2013-12-21 .
^ ^? ^? Webster? Charles (1988). The Health Services Since the War . London: HMSO. ?. 380 , 386. ISBN : 978-0-11-630942-6 .
^ "Woodberry Down Health Centre" . British Medical Journal . ?. 1952 ?. 2: 879. 18 ?????? 1952. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2015-09-24 . ???? ???? ?????? 2014-10-18 .
^ "The Case for Health Centres 1964" . Socialist Health Association . 11 ???? 1964. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2015-05-05 . ???? ???? ?????? 2014-10-18 .
^ Webster? Charles (1998). The National Health Service A Political History . Oxford: Oxford University Press. ?. 131 . ISBN : 978-0-19-289296-6 .
^ "Health Centres the Next Step 1975" . Socialist Health Association . 10 ???? 1975. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2015-05-06 . ???? ???? ?????? 2014-11-01 .
^ "Community Health Centers Integrate Rapid HIV Screening Into Routine Primary Care, Leading to Significant Increases in Testing Rates" . Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. 8 ???? 2013. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2015-09-09 . ???? ???? ?????? 2013-05-10 .

????? ?????? [ ??? ]

???? ??????? ?????? ?? ???????? ??????? :

??? ?????? ????? ?? ?????.

[ca153f6ba7587f7f839c6eae9f0e2d41a5ce259b-1] ???? ????: https://vwgc.be/ .

[2] ??????? ????? ?????????? (???????? ???????????). ??????????: ????? ????? ???????? . 1990. ?. 9. ISBN : 978-92-9021-114-3 . OCLC : 4769937767 . QID : Q112634854 .

[3] "About Community Health Centres | CACHC | ACCSC" . www.cachc.ca . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2018-02-23 . ???? ???? ?????? 2018-09-11 .

[OCHC-4] "Association of Ontario Health Centres" . Association of Ontario Health Centres. 24 ?????? 2013. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2013-09-27 . ???? ???? ?????? 2013-09-24 .

[5] "Local Community Services Centres (CLSCs)" . Sante Montreal Portal . Gouvernement du Quebec. 2014. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2014-08-12 . ???? ???? ?????? 2014-08-10 .

[6] "Statistical Communique on the 2011 National Economic and Social Development" . stats.gov.cn . ?????? ?????? ????????? ?? ??????? ????? ??????? ^[??????????]. 22 ?????? 2012. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2012-08-06 . ???? ???? ?????? 2012-09-05 .

[7] Consultative Council on Medical and Allied Services (27 ???? 1920). "Interim Report on the Future Provision of Medical and Allied Services 1920 (Lord Dawson of Penn)" . Socialist Health Association . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2013-12-24 . ???? ???? ?????? 2013-12-21 .

[Webster1988-8] ? ^? Webster? Charles (1988). The Health Services Since the War . London: HMSO. ?. 380 , 386. ISBN : 978-0-11-630942-6 .

[9] "Woodberry Down Health Centre" . British Medical Journal . ?. 1952 ?. 2: 879. 18 ?????? 1952. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2015-09-24 . ???? ???? ?????? 2014-10-18 .

[10] "The Case for Health Centres 1964" . Socialist Health Association . 11 ???? 1964. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2015-05-05 . ???? ???? ?????? 2014-10-18 .

[11] Webster? Charles (1998). The National Health Service A Political History . Oxford: Oxford University Press. ?. 131 . ISBN : 978-0-19-289296-6 .

[SHA1975-12] "Health Centres the Next Step 1975" . Socialist Health Association . 10 ???? 1975. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2015-05-06 . ???? ???? ?????? 2014-11-01 .

[13] "Community Health Centers Integrate Rapid HIV Screening Into Routine Primary Care, Leading to Significant Increases in Testing Rates" . Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. 8 ???? 2013. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2015-09-09 . ???? ???? ?????? 2013-05-10 .

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