???? ????

??????? ?????? ( ??????????? : Runway )? ???????? ( RWY ) ????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ????????? ?? ???????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ?? ????? .

??????? ???????? [ ??? ]

??? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ??????? ?????????? ???? (????? ??????? ???? ??????). ???? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ?????????? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????????? . ??? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ????????. ???? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ????? 360 ???? ?? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? 94 ???? (????? ?????? ??????????)? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? 168 ???? (16.8 ???? 17): 36 ~= 360/10, 9 ~= 94/10, 17 ~= 168/10.

?????? ?????? ?? ??? ????????? ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ? 180 ???? ?? ?????? ?????. ??? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ??? (°100) ????? ???? ????? ?????? (°280) ??? ???????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ???? ?????? (°180) ????? ?????? ????? ??? (°360). ??????: ??????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ????.

????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????? (?????) ???? ????? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ????? ????? ???????: ???? ??? ????? (020) ?? ???? ??? ???? (010) ???? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ?? 100°. ???? ???? ???????? ????????? ???? ??????? ???????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ?? 100° ???? ?????? ???? ???? ??????: ???? ???? (090) ?? ???? ?????? (080). ??? ????? ???????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ????????? ?? ??? ???????? ????????? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ??????. ??? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ?? ???? 04 ??? ???? ???? 4. ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??? ?? ????????? ???????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ????????? ?????? ???????.

????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ???????. ???? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ???????? ???????? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ???? (???) ??????. ???? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?10° ???????? ????? ?? ???? ????. ???? ???? ??????: ???? ?????? ?? 276°? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? 28. ???? ???? ?????? 5 ????? ????? ?? °281 ???? ???? ??????? ??? ?? ?? 28. ?????? ??? ???? ????? 284° (???? 28)? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? 286°? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? (???? 29). ???? ?? ???????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ????.

??? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ???? (L,C,R) ????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ???: ???? ???? ???? ???? (15L) ??????? ???? ???? ??? (15C)? ??????? ???? ???? ???? (15R). ??? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ????: ???? ??? ????? ???? (02L) ?????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ???? (20R) ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? 180° ??? ????? ?????? (18) ??? ?????? ?????? ?????.

????????? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ????? ??????? (???? ?? ???????? ???????: ???? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ????????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? )? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ????????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ????. ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ???????: ?? ????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ?? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ????? (????? 69°). ????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ???????: 17L, 17C, 17R, 18L, ? 18R.

??? ???? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ??????. ??? ????????? ??????? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????. ??? ???????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ???????.

?????? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ?? 245 ? (804 ???) ?????? 8 ? (26 ???) ???????? ??????? ??? ??????? ????? (general aviation) ??? ????? ??? ??? 5,500 ? (18,045 ???) ?????? 80 ? (262 ???) ???????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??????.

????? ??????? ???????? [ ??? ]

???? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ????????? ?? ????????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????. ??? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ???????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ????? (??????? ?????? ??????) ????? ???? ???????? ???????? ??????? ???? ???.

???????? ?????? ??? [ ??? ]

TORA‏ ^[1]: Takeoff Run Available - ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????. ^[2]

TODA‏ ^[1]: Takeoff Distance Available - ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ( ??????????? : clearway )?? ?? ??? ???? ??? ????. ^[2] (??? ?? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????????? (FAA) ?????????? (JAR) ? TODA ????? 1.5 ?? TORA)..?

ASDA‏ ^[1]: Accelerate Stop Distance Available - ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ( ??????????? : stopway )? ??? ???? ?????.

LDA‏ ^[1]: Landing Distance Available - ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????.

????? ?????? [ ??? ]

???? ???? ?????? ( ??????????? : Runway Safety Area )? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????. ????? ????? ?? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???????. ????? ??? ????? ? ?????? ????? ?? ???????.
?????? ( ??????????? : Runway )? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ???????? ???????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ?????????.
??????? ????? ( ??????????? : Blast pads )? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??? ???????? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ???????. ???? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????. ?????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ??? ??? V ????????. ??? ???? ???????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ????? ???????.

Displaced thresholds may be used for taxiing, takeoff, and landing rollout, but not for touchdown. A ???? ????? often exists because obstacles just before the runway, runway strength, or noise restrictions may make the beginning section of runway unsuitable for landings. It is marked with white paint arrows that lead up to the beginning of the landing portion of the runway.

??? ?????? [ ??? ]

???? ????? ????-???????? ?????? ?? ???? -???????? ?? ???????? ??? ?? ?????? ??????????? ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??????

??? ????? ?? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ???????? ?????????? ?? ??? ???????? ????????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ?? 6,000 ??? (1,800 ?) ??? ???? ???????? ??? ??????? ??? ?? 200,000 ??? (91,000 ???). ??? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ( ??????? : 747 ? 767 ? 777 ? 787 ; ????????? : A310 ? A330 ? A340 ? ?????? ??? 350 (?? ???? ?? ??? ???????)? A380 ; ??????????? ?????? DC-10 ?? MD-11 ????????? ??-1011 ????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ???? ?? 8,000 ??? (2,400 ?) ??? ????? ??? ????? ? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ???????? ???????? . ???? ???????? ????? ???????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ???? 10,000 ??? (3,000 ?) ????? ????? ???? 13,000 ??? (4,000 ?)+.

????? ????? 10,000 ??? (3,000 ?) ????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ????????. ???? ???? ??????: ????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ??????? 22R ? 27L ?? ??????? 27R ? ???? ?? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? 22R ????? 7,500 ??? (2,300 ?) ?? 27R ????? 8,000 ??? (2,400 ?). ??? ???? ??? ???? 27L ??? ????? ????? 10,000 ??? (3,000 ?) ??? ???????? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ??? ??????.

????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ???????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????. ???? ??? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ????? 5,000 ??? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ??????. ???? ???????? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ????????? ???????? ????? ??????? ???????.

?????? [ ??? ]

???? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ???????.

???????? ??????? [ ??? ]

???? ?? ????? ???? ?? ??? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ?????? (???? ??? ??????). ????? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? (???? ??????).

????? ??????? [ ??? ]

?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????????. ???? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ????????. ????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ???????. ???? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??? ????? ???????? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??? ???? ???????? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ???????. ???? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ???????? ?????? ??? ???????? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ??????. ????? ???????? ?????? ??? ??????.

?????? ??? ??? [ ??? ]

??????? [ ??? ]

^ ^? ^? ^? ^? "Order JO 7340.1Z: Contractions" (PDF) . ????? ??????? ?????????? . 15 ???? 2007. ????? ?? ????? ( ??? ????????? ???????? ) ?? 2017-01-27.
^ ^? ^? Airplanes: Turbine engine powered: Takeoff limitations ? ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-04-16 ? ???? ???? ?????? 2009-10-04 {{ ??????? }}: ????? ?????? ?? |???? ????= ( ?????? )

????? ?????

?? ????? ??? ?????? ??: ???? ????

[Contractions-1] ? ^? ^? ^? "Order JO 7340.1Z: Contractions" (PDF) . ????? ??????? ?????????? . 15 ???? 2007. ????? ?? ????? ( ??? ????????? ???????? ) ?? 2017-01-27.

[FAR25.189(c)-2] ? ^? Airplanes: Turbine engine powered: Takeoff limitations ? ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-04-16 ? ???? ???? ?????? 2009-10-04 {{ ??????? }}: ????? ?????? ?? |???? ????= ( ?????? )

[1]

[2]

? ? ? ??????? ???????
???? ?????	???? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????? ^{[???? ????]}‏ ???? ??? ??? ????? ????? ???? ^{[???? ????]}‏ ????? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ????????? ????? ??????? ????????? ^{[???? ????]}‏
?????????	????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ????? ???? ????? ????? ^{[???? ????]}‏ ????? ??????? ????? U-FLY ^{[???? ????]}‏
??????? ??????	???? ACO ATAG IATA IATAN ISTAT ???????? ??????? ????????? A4A RAA ?????? A4E AEA EBAA ELFAA ERA ????? ???? AACO AAPA AFRAA RAAA
?????? ?????	???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????/? ????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ^{[???? ????]}‏ ???? ??????? Purser Dead mileage
???????	???? ????? ^{[???? ????]}‏ ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ???? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ^{[???? ????]}‏ ???? ???? ?????? ^{[???? ????]}‏ ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ????
????	???? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ^{[???? ????]}‏ ????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ^{[???? ????]}‏ ???? ???? ??? ??? ????? ????????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ^{[???? ????]}‏ ???? ???? ????
??????? / ??????	????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ^{[???? ????]}‏ ???? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ??????
????? ????	??? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????
???????	??????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ^{[???? ????]}‏ (??????? ??????? - ???????? ???????? 1946?1978) ??????? ?????? ??????? ^{[???? ????]}‏ (??????? ??????? - ???????? ???????? 1978?2008) ????? ????????? ??????? ^{[???? ????]}‏ ????? ??? ?????? ^{[???? ????]}‏ (????? - ??????) ??????? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ^{[???? ????]}‏ ????? ????? ^{[???? ????]}‏ ????? ??????? ^{[???? ????]}‏ ??????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????? ^{[???? ????]}‏ ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????? ??????? ^{[???? ????]}‏ ??????? ??????? ???????? ??? ??????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ^{[???? ????]}‏ ??????? ????? (1919) ??????? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????
????? ?????	??? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ??????? (????? ???????) ^{[???? ????]}‏ ???? ??????? ^{[???? ????]}‏ ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ^{[???? ????]}‏ ???? ?????? ??????? ^{[???? ????]}‏ ??? ??????? ^{[???? ????]}‏ ????? ?????? ^{[???? ????]}‏ ????? ?? ????? ?????? ^{[???? ????]}‏ ??? ??????? ^{[???? ????]}‏
????? ????	????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ^{[???? ????]}‏ ??? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ???????? ^{[???? ????]}‏ ???? ??????? ???????? ????????? ^{[???? ????]}‏ ???? ?????? ^{[???? ????]}‏ ??? ?????? Brace position ????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ^{[???? ????]}‏ ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ^{[???? ????]}‏ ???? ?????? ^{[???? ????]}‏ ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ????????? ?????
????? ???????	??? ??? ????? ^{[???? ????]}‏ ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ^{[???? ????]}‏ Bereavement flight ????? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? Continent pass ????? ????????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ^{[???? ????]}‏ ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ^{[???? ????]}‏ ??? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ^{[???? ????]}‏ ????? ???? ??? ?????? ^{[???? ????]}‏ ?????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ??????
?????? ??????	??? ????? ???????? ^{[???? ????]}‏ ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ^{[???? ????]}‏ ???? ???
???????	??????? ????????? ??? ??????? ^{[???? ????]}‏ ???? ????? ?????? ???? ???????