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??????	?????????
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	?? ?????? ; 31 ???? 1979 ? 12 ?????? 1980
	???? ??? ????? ??? ???? ??? ????????
???? ????????? (4 )
	?? ?????? ; 4 ????? 1980 ? 12 ?????? 1984
	???? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ??????
???? ????? ?????????
	?? ?????? ; 8 ???? 1984 ? 12 ?????? 1984
	?????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ??????
?????? ???????
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	????? ????? - ?????

???? ???? ??? ?????? ( 1940 ? ?? ??????? ) ???? ????????? ?? ??? ??????? 1980 ? 1984 ? . ^[1]^[2]^[3]

????? [ ??? ]

??? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ?????????? ??? 1961 ? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ????????? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ????????? ????? ?????? ?? 10 ????? 1978 ? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ????????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ??????.

?? 31 ?? ???? 1979 ? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ????????? ????? .

???? ???? [ ??? ]

?? 4 ????? 1980 ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????????? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ???????? ?????? ??? ?? ????????? ?????????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ??? ????? ???????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ?? ???? ??????????? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???????? ???????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ???????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? .

???? ????????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ???????? ????? ??? 16 ???? 1981 ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ???????? ??? ??? ???????? ??????? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? .

???? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ???????? ???????? ???????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???????? ???? ?? ??????.

??? ?? ????? ??? 12 ?????? 1984 ? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ????? ????? ????????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ??? ??? ??? 28 ?????? 1988. ^[4]

???????? ???????? [ ??? ]

????? ????
??????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ?????.
????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ?????????
??? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ???????? ??????? ???????. ^[5]

???????? [ ??? ]

????? ??? ???? ??? ????????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ^[6] ?? ???? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?????? 16 ???? 1981 ?? ????? ??? ????? ???????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ????? ??? ?? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ??????? ^[5] ???? ??? ?? ????? ?? ???????? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ?????. [????? ?????]

????? [ ??? ]

^ "Political exiles flocking back to Mauritania" . Middle East Online . 12 ?????? 2005. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2006-10-20 . ???? ???? ?????? 2015-04-21 .
^ "L'ancien president Ould Haidalla defend le nouveau pouvoir en Mauritanie" (?????????). African Press Agency. 29 Aug 2008. Archived from the original on 2020-03-05.
^ "Mauritania: Consolidation of Power" , ????? ???????? Country Studies ???? ?????? 2018-05-30 ?? Wayback Machine
^ "?????? ??? ?????? : ???? ??????? ???????" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 23 ????? 2013 . ???? ???? ?????? ????? 2020 . {{ ??????? ??? }}: ???? ?? ??????? ??: |????? ??????= ( ?????? )
^ ^? ^? "???? ???? ??? ?????? : ???? ?????? ??????" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 13 ????? 2012 . ???? ???? ?????? ????? 2020 . {{ ??????? ??? }}: ???? ?? ??????? ??: |????? ??????= ( ?????? )
^ "??? ??????? / ???? ??? ?????" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2 ????? 2011 . ???? ???? ?????? ????? 2020 . {{ ??????? ??? }}: ???? ?? ??????? ??: |????? ??????= ( ?????? )

[1] "Political exiles flocking back to Mauritania" . Middle East Online . 12 ?????? 2005. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2006-10-20 . ???? ???? ?????? 2015-04-21 .

[2] "L'ancien president Ould Haidalla defend le nouveau pouvoir en Mauritanie" (?????????). African Press Agency. 29 Aug 2008. Archived from the original on 2020-03-05.

[3] "Mauritania: Consolidation of Power" , ????? ???????? Country Studies ???? ?????? 2018-05-30 ?? Wayback Machine

[4] "?????? ??? ?????? : ???? ??????? ???????" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 23 ????? 2013 . ???? ???? ?????? ????? 2020 . {{ ??????? ??? }}: ???? ?? ??????? ??: |????? ??????= ( ?????? )

[essirage.net-5] ? ^? "???? ???? ??? ?????? : ???? ?????? ??????" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 13 ????? 2012 . ???? ???? ?????? ????? 2020 . {{ ??????? ??? }}: ???? ?? ??????? ??: |????? ??????= ( ?????? )

[6] "??? ??????? / ???? ??? ?????" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2 ????? 2011 . ???? ???? ?????? ????? 2020 . {{ ??????? ??? }}: ???? ?? ??????? ??: |????? ??????= ( ?????? )

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