???? ???? ??????? ??????
(
??? ????
? ??? ??
???
?
1965
)? ?????? ????
???? ?????
? ?? ????
?????
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? ??????? ?????
?????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????
?????? ???????
????? ???????? ????????? (????)
? ???? ??? ?????????
?????? ????????
??? ??? 1995? ????? ?????? ??????????. ?????? ??? ???????? ??????? ????????
?????? ??????? ??????????
(
???? ???
) ??????? ?????? ????? ????????? ????????? ≪
???????
?
????????
≫ ??????? ???? ?? 7 ???? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ?????????. ?????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ????????? ??? 2014.
????? ????? ???????? ????????? ????? ???
??????? ?????????? ????????? ????????
[??????????]
?? ??? 2015.
????? ???????
[
???
]
???? ???? ?????? ????? ???????? ????? ?? ????
?????
[1]
??
????? ??? 48
????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ??? ?? ????? ??
???? ??? ????
??? ??? ???? ????
???? ???
.
???? ??? ????
???????
??????? ????? ????? ≪????≫ ?≪???????≫ ?≪??????≫ ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ?????
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.
????? ?????? ????
[
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]
???? ????? ??????
??????? ????????
??
??????
-???? ?????? ?? ?????
???? ????
?????
1987
- ????? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ?????????
????????
? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ????????? ?? ???????? ???????? ?? ????????.
?????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ???????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ≪????≫ ?? ?????.
??? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ???????? (?????? ?????? ?????? ???????) ?????? ?????
??? ????
? ????? ???? ????? ???????? ???????? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ?? (??? ???????)? ??? ??????? ????????? ?? ???? ????????? ????????.
????? ????? ?? ???? ????
??????? ????????? ????
??? ???? ????? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ???????? ???????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ???????? ????????? ?? ??? ????.
????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????????? ?????? ???? ???????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ???????.
???? ????? ??????? ?? ≪?????? ??????≫ ??
?????? ?????????
-?????? ??????? ????? ????- ???? ????? ?? ???? ????
??????? ?????????
???? ???? ???? ???
1988
??? ?? ??? ???
???????????
?? ?????? (
??? ???????
).
[2]
????? ???????
[
???
]
???? ???? ????? ?????. ?? ?? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ??? 2007. ????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? 3 ????? ?? ?????? ???????? ??? 2014? ???? ?? ?? ???????? ??? ????.
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]
???? ???? ????? ???? ??? ????
??????
?? ??????/???? 2022? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?????.
[7]
????? ?????? ??? 2011?
[4]
?????? ??? 2022.
[8]
?????
[
???
]
???? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ????????? ??????????? (
???????
????????
) ??? ??? ????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ????? ?? ??? ?? ?????.
?????
[
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?????
???? ??? ????? ??? ????? ???????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ????. ?? ???? ?? ????? ?? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ???.
?? ??? ????????
[
???
]
??????? ???? ???????? ???
1989
???? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????
???? ????
? ????? ????? ???? ?????
???? ?????
? ???? 16 ????? ??
???? ????????
??????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ????
???? ?????
.
?????? ???? ??????
[
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]
????? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ?? ??:
???? ?????
?????? ????????
??? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ??? ???????? ???????? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ????.
[9]
?? ??? ?????? ??????????
[
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]
??? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ???
?????? ??????????
????????
??? ??? ???? ?????? ????????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ??
?????
.
??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ????/ ???? ???
2000
? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ???????? ?? ?????
??????? ??????
? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ?????.
????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ????
???? ????
???????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ?? ??? ????
1995
???? ?????
2000?
??? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ?????????.
[10]
?????? ?? ?????
[
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]
?????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ≪
??? ?????
≫? ???? ?? ????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ???????? ??? ??? ????? ?????
????? ???????
??? 2014.
??????? ???????
[
???
]
?????
????????? ???????????
?????? ?????? 7 ???? ??? ??????
[11]
[12]
????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ???????? ?? ???????.
[13]
????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????/ ?????? ???
2002
???? ???? ???????? ??? ???? ??????
?????? ????????
?? ???? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ???????? ?????? ????? ???????? ????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????
????????? ???????????
?? ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ????
[3]
[4]
?????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ?????
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[
????? ?????
]
???????? ???????? ???? ????? ?????
[
???
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??
????? ??? ??? 2014
(????? ???????) ????? ≪
???????
≫ ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ???????? ???? ???????? 19/8/2014 ?????? ????? ≪??? ????≫ ??
?? ????? ?????
???? ??? ????? ??? ???????? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ??
????? ?? 16
??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????????? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ???? ????? ≪???? ????? ??? ?????≫ (26 ????)? ????? ?????? ?????? ≪???≫ ???? ???? ?? ????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ??? ????? ???? ?????.
[3]
[14]
[15]
??? ????? ???? ???????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ???????? 15 ????????? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ???????.
[16]
??? ???
???? ????
??? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ?????
??????
??? ??? ????????
20 ?????
2014
.
[17]
???? ???????
????????
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????? ?????
: ≪??????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ???≫. ≪???? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ???????
??????? ???????
? ?? ??? ????? ?????≫.
[18]
??? ??? ??????? ?????????? ??? ???????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ???????
?? ?? ??-28
(GBU-28) ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????.
[19]
[20]
?? ???????
[
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]
???? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ≪????? ??????≫ ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ≪
???? ???
≫ ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?? ????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??? ???? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ??? ??? ????? ≪
???? ?????
≫ ???? ??????.
[21]
?? ????? ??? ??? 2014
[
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]
?? ?????
????? ???????
???
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???? ?????? ???? ??
????? ???? ???
? ????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ????????? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?????????. ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ????????? ?????. ??? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ?????????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ?????.
[22]
[23]
?? ????? ??? ??? 2021
[
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]
????? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ???????? ?? ?? ????? ???? ?? ????? ???????? ????? ??? ????? ???????? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ???? ?? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ?? ????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????.
-
??? ?????
? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ?????.
[24]
?? ?????
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?????? ?? ????
???
2021?
??????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ??? ???????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ??????.
[25]
??? ????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ?????????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ????. ???
?????? ?? ????
? ???? ????? ???????? ???? ???????? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ????????? ???? ??????? ???????? ???? ?????? ????? ???. ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ??????
????? ??? ?????
.
[25]
??? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????
???? 250
??????
???? ?????
???? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????? ????? ???? ???? ?? 250 ?? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ??? ???
???? ????
? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????
5 ?????
1996?
.
[26]
???? ????? ?????????? ?? ??????? ???? ????????
19 ????
2021
? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ???. ???? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ????? ????. ????? ???????? ??? ?? ??? ?? ???????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??? ?? ??????.
[3]
[11]
????? ?????????? ??????????? 2023
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