한국   대만   중국   일본 
???? ????? - ????????? ????? ??? ???????

???? ?????

?? ?????????? ???????? ?????
???? ?????
عائلات اللغة في شبه القارة الهندية
?????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ???????
?????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ???????
?????? ?????
?????? ??????? ?????? ? ??????? ? ??????? ? ???????? ????? ? ????????? ? ??????? ? ???????? ? ????????? ? ?????????? ? ?????????? ? ???????????? ? ???????? ? ????????? ? ??????? ? ????????? ? ??????????? ? ????????? ? ??????? ? ????????? ? ?????????? ? ???????
?????? ???????? ???????? ?????????? - 200 ????? ( ??? ????? ????? ??? 2003)
????? ????? - ?????   طالع توثيق القالب

?????? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ??? 75% ?? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ???? ????? ??? 20% ?? ?????? . [1] [2] ????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ? ???? ????? ????? ? ???? ??? ????? ? ???? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???????? . [3] :283

???? ?????? 343 ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ?????????? ????? ?? ?????????? ???????? ???? ??? ????? ?????????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ??? ?? ?????? 3 ?? ??? ?????? ????????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? 1963?. [4] ???? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ??????????. [5] ????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ????? ????? ???????. [6] [7]

??????? [ ??? ]

?????? ??????? ???????? ?? ?? ????? ?????????. ?????? ?????????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ???????. [8] ???? ?????? ?????-????????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? (4000) ?.? ????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? (3000) ??? ???????. [9] ?????? ?????? ?????????? ?? ???? ???????: ??????? ?????? (?????? - ?????) ? ??????-?????? ( ?????????? -???)? ????? ????????? ( ????????? -??????).

????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? . ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ????? - ?????? ???? ??????? (1500 ??? ??????? ??? 600 ??? ???????)? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? (600 ??? ??????? ? 1000 ?) ??????? ????? ????? (??? 1000 ? ? 1300 ?). ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ??????. [10]

???????? ' ? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ? ???????? ?????? ?? ???????? ?????????? ????????? ???? ??????. ??? ????? ??? ????????? ???? ?? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????? ???????? ??????? (?? ??? ?????- ?????? )? ??? ???? ???????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ?? 500 ???? ??? ??? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ??????. ??? ??? 1837?? ?????? ??????????? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ????????????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ???????? ???????? ????????? ????????? ???????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????? . [11] [12]

?? ??? ?? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??? ??? ??????? ??????. ??? ???? ??????? ???? ??????????? ???? ?????? ??????????? ???????? ?????????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????????. ?? ????? ???? ?????? ????????? ??????? ??????????? ?? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ???????? ??????????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ??????. [13] [14]

????? ?????? [ ??? ]

???? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? 1898? ??? ??? 1928?. ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? 179 ??? ? 544 ?????. [15] ??? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ≪??????≫ ? ≪?????≫ [15] ? ??????? ???????? ??? ???????? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ????????? ??????? ?? ????? ????????? ????? ?? ???????? ???????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ? ????? ?????????? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ???????????.

???? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ≪?????≫ ?≪??????≫. ??????? (Ethnologue) ? ???? ?????? ????? ?????????? ????????? ?? ?? ?? ???????? ????? 461 ????? ????? (?? ??? 6912 ?? ???? ????? ??????)? 447 ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ??? ?? 14 ??? ??????. ??????? ????? 447 ?? ???? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ??????? ' ??? ????? ??????: - [16]

  • ???????? ? 63
  • ????????? 130
  • ??????- 187
  • ????? ???????? ? 54
  • ?????? ? 13

??? ???? ??????? ??????????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? (??? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????) [17] ???? ?? 66 ???? ??????? ????? ?? 780 ??? ?? ????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?? ?????. ??????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????????? ?????????????? ????? ?? 325 ??? ???????? 633 5 ?? ????????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????????? ????????. [18]

???? ?????? [ ??? ]

????? ??? 2011 ?? ????? [ ??? ]

?????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??? ??? ????????? ?? ????? (????? ??? 2011)
????? ?????????

?????? ??????

?????????

?????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??????

??????? ???? ????? (?????????) ?????????

???? ????? (?????????)

????? ????????? (?????????) ????? ?????????

????? ????? ?? ????? ??????

??????? 528,347,193 43.63 139 24 692 57.1
?????????? 259,678 0.02 83 46 129 10.6
????????? 97,237,669 8.30 9 1 107 8.9
???????? 83,026,680 6.86 13 3 99 8.2
?????????? 81,127,740 6.70 12 1 95 7.8
????????? 69,026,881 5.70 7 1 77 6.3
????????? 55,492,554 4.58 4 1 60 5.0
??????? 50,772,631 4.19 11 1 63 5.2
????????? 43,706,512 3.61 14 1 59 4.9
??????? 37,521,324 3.10 5 0.03 43 3.5
???????????? 34,838,819 2.88 0.05 0.02 36 2.9
????????? 33,124,726 2.74 0.03 0.003 36 3.0
???????? 15,311,351 1.26 0.03 0.003 24 2.0
?????????? 13,583,464 1.12 0.03 0.003 14 1.2
??????????? 24,821 0.00185 0.01 0.003 0.025 0.3

Ethnologue (2019? ?????? 22) ?? ???? ????? ?????? [ ??? ]

????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ???? 2019 ?? Ethnologue ? ??? ???? ???? ????? SIL International? ?????? ?? ???????? ???????.

????? ????? ????????? (?????????)
??????? 615
????????? 265
??????? 170
????????? 126
???????? 95
?????????? 93
????????? 81
????????? 61
???????? 56
??????? 38
???????????? 38
???????? 15
?????????? 7
??????????? 5

?????? ????? [ ??? ]

??? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ????????. ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ???????? ???????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ??? 78.05? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ???? ????? ??? 19.64? ?? ??????. ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ?????: [19] [20] [21]

???? ????? ????? ??? ?????? (2018)
1 ????????? ????? ???? 1,045,000,000 (78.05%)
2 ????? ???? ???????? 265,000,000 (19.64%)
3 ????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ?????
4 ????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ?????
5 ????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ?????
6 ???? ??????? ???? ??? ?????
????? ???? ????? 1,340,000,000

????? ????? ??????? ?????? [ ??? ]

??????? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? (??? ?????? ??? ????? ???????) ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ?????????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??????????? ? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ?????????. ????? ??? ??????? ???????? ??? ???? ????? 1035 ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?? 76.5 ?? ??????? ????? ???????? ??? 2018?. ?????? ?????? ???????? ?? ??? ???????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ???????? ?????????? ?????????? ????????? ??????????? ????????? ????????? (??????) ??????????? ???????? . ????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ? ????????? ??? ?????? [19] ' .

????? ??? ???????? [ ??? ]

???? ???? ????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ??????????? ???? ???? ????? 277 ????? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ?? 20.5? ??? ??????? 2018 ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ??? ???????????????? ?????? ?????????. ???? ???????? ?? ???? ????????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ??????????????. ???? ???? ?????? ?????????? ????? ????? ???? ????????? ?? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????. ??? ????? [????????] ???? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ? [????], ???? ????? ?? ?????. [22] [23]

??? ????? [ ??? ]

????? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? . [21] ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ????????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ≪????? ??????≫ ????? ?? ????? ???????. [24]

????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ?????????? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? - ???????? (???? ?????? ??????? )? ??????? (?? ??? ?????) ????? (?? ???????? ). ??? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ??????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ???????. [21]

???????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ???????? ????? ????? ??? ????????? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ???????. [21]

??????? [ ??? ]

  1. ^ "Indo-Aryan languages" . Encyclopædia Britannica Online . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2015-05-03 . ???? ???? ?????? 2014-12-10 .
  2. ^ "Dravidian languages" . Encyclopædia Britannica Online . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2015-05-02 . ???? ???? ?????? 2014-12-10 .
  3. ^ Moseley? Christopher (10 ???? 2008). Encyclopedia of the World's Endangered Languages . Routledge. ISBN : 978-1-135-79640-2 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-01-25.
  4. ^ "Official Language Act | Government of India, Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology" . meity.gov.in (???????????). Archived from the original on 2018-12-22 . Retrieved 2017-01-24 .
  5. ^ "Constitution of India" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2018-03-10 . ???? ???? ?????? 2012-03-21 .
  6. ^ Khan? Saeed (25 ????? 2010). "There's no national language in India: Gujarat High Court" . The Times of India . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-05-28 . ???? ???? ?????? 2014-05-05 .
  7. ^ Press Trust of India (25 ????? 2010). "Hindi, not a national language: Court" . The Hindu . Ahmedabad. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2016-12-02 . ???? ???? ?????? 2014-12-23 .
  8. ^ Burjor (11 Jun 2007). India: The Ancient Past: A History of the Indian Sub-Continent from C. 7000 BC to AD 1200 (???????????). Routledge. ISBN : 978-1-134-25162-9 . Archived from the original on 2021-01-03.
  9. ^ Mikhail Sergeevich (2003). A Comparative Grammar of the Dravidian Languages (???????????). Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. ISBN : 978-3-447-04455-4 . Archived from the original on 2021-01-03.
  10. ^ Yamuna (1 Jan 2006). Hindi (???????????). John Benjamins Publishing. ISBN : 978-90-272-3812-2 . Archived from the original on 2021-01-03.
  11. ^ Paul R. (2005). Language, Religion and Politics in North India (???????????). iUniverse. ISBN : 978-0-595-34394-2 . Archived from the original on 2021-01-03.
  12. ^ Braj B.; Kachru, Yamuna; Sridhar, S. N. (27 Mar 2008). Language in South Asia (???????????). Cambridge University Press. ISBN : 978-0-521-78141-1 . Archived from the original on 2021-01-03.
  13. ^ Manisha; Mathur, Ramkumar (24 Mar 2012). Dialect Accent Features for Establishing Speaker Identity: A Case Study (???????????). Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN : 978-1-4614-1137-6 . Archived from the original on 2021-01-03.
  14. ^ Robert E.; Rubenstein, James M. (1999). The Cultural Landscape: An Introduction to Human Geography (???????????). Prentice Hall. ISBN : 978-0-13-080180-7 . Archived from the original on 2021-01-03.
  15. ^ ? ? Aijazuddin (2009). Geography of the South Asian Subcontinent: A Critical Approach (???????????). Concept Publishing Company. ISBN : 978-81-8069-568-1 . Archived from the original on 2021-01-03.
  16. ^ "Grierson, Sir George Abraham (1851?1941)" . Oxford Dictionary of National Biography . Oxford University Press. 6 ?????? 2018. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2021-01-03.
  17. ^ Singh, Shiv Sahay (22 Jul 2013). "Language survey reveals diversity" . The Hindu (?Indian English). ISSN : 0971-751X . Archived from the original on 2020-08-01 . Retrieved 2021-01-03 .
  18. ^ Paula; Chaudhury, Sabyasachi Basu Ray; Das, Samir Kumar; Adhikari, Bishnu (2005). Internal Displacement in South Asia: The Relevance of the UN's Guiding Principles (???????????). SAGE Publications. ISBN : 978-0-7619-3329-8 . Archived from the original on 2021-01-04.
  19. ^ ? ? "Indo-Aryan languages" . Encyclopedia Britannica (???????????). Archived from the original on 2020-11-11 . Retrieved 2021-01-03 .
  20. ^ "Dravidian languages | History, Grammar, Map, & Facts" . Encyclopedia Britannica (???????????). Archived from the original on 2020-12-29 . Retrieved 2021-01-03 .
  21. ^ ? ? ? ? Christopher (10 Mar 2008). Encyclopedia of the World's Endangered Languages (???????????). Routledge. ISBN : 978-1-135-79640-2 . Archived from the original on 2021-01-03.
  22. ^ Barbara A. (19 May 2010). Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania (???????????). Infobase Publishing. ISBN : 978-1-4381-1913-7 . Archived from the original on 2021-01-03.
  23. ^ David (2002). China - India relations to Hyogo (???????????). ISBN : 978-0-684-31243-9 . Archived from the original on 2021-01-03.
  24. ^ Gregory D. S. (2007). The Munda Verb: Typological Perspectives (???????????). Walter de Gruyter. ISBN : 978-3-11-018965-0 . Archived from the original on 2021-01-03.
??? ?? ????? ?????? ???
??????? ???????
??????
???????? ??????????
????
?????
???????? ??????? ????????
??????? ?????? [??????????]
????? ????? ??????? [??????????]
????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????
???? ????? ??????? [??????????]
شعار بوابة  ????? ?????
?????? ?? ≪ https://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=????_?????&oldid=63660267 ≫