??????? ?????? ??????
??
??????? ???????
?? ???? ???
????? ?????????
???? ??????? ??
?????? ??????
? ???? ???????? ???????
????? ?????
????
??????? ????????? ???????????
?? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ????????.
[1]
???? ?? ???? ????????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ??
????????? ???????
???? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????. ??? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ???????
????????? ???????
? ???????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????.
??????? ?????? ?????? (?? ????????? ?????????) ?? ????? ????????? ???????????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????????? ??????????? ?? ?????? ??????. ????? ????? ???????? ???????? ?? ??? ???????? ??? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????. ???? ????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????????.
???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????????
???????? ??????????
?????????? ????????? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ????????. ??? ???? ??? ?????????? ??? ?????? ?? ????????? ??????????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????. ?? ?? ????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ????????? ???????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????. ???? ??? ??????????? ??????? ?? ??????? ????????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ????????? ????? ????????? ???? ????? ????? 500 ??????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ??? 900 ?????? ??? ??????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ?????????? ????????.
[2]
?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ???? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ???????? ??????. ?? ???? ????????? ??????? ??? ????? ????????? ???? ???? ?????????? ?? ???
??????? ????????? ???????????
???? ???? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ??????? (????????) ???? ????????? ???????????? ?? ?????? ??????. ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????????? ????? ?? ????????? ??????? ?????.
[3]
?????????
[
???
]
????????? ????????
????? ????? ????????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ???????? ?????????? ?? ????? ????. ?????? ???? ???? ???? ????????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ????????? ?????????? ???? ???? ?? ???????? ???????? ?? ???????
?????????
????????
? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????. ???? ????? ????????? ???????? ????? ???????? ???????. ???? ?????? ????????? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ????????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????. ???? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ??
???????????? ?????????
???? ?????? ????????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????. ???????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?? ????????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ??? ??????? ????????? ?????????? ?? ??? ??????????.
?????? ????????? ?????? ??? ????? ???
???????
????????
?????? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??. ???? ??????? ???????? ?? ??? ???????? ??? ???? ????????? ??? ??????????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????.
???????? ????? ????????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ?????? ????????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ??????????? (?? ??? ???????)? ????? ???????? ????????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ????????? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????. ???? ????? ???????? ??? ??????? (???????????: Abstract)? ?????? (???????????: Subject)? ??????? (???????????: Communicate)? ????? ?? ????? (???????????: matter)? ???????? (
???????????
:
Probable
)? ???????? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ?????? ??????.
[4]
????????? ???????
[
???
]
??? ????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ????????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ????????? ?????????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????. ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ???????????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ???????. ??? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????????? ????????? ???????.
??? ?? ????? ????????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ??????????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ????. ?? ????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ???? ???? ????????? ?????????. ??? ?? ????????? ?????????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????. ??? ?? ???? ??? ????? ???????? ???????? ???? ?????? ???????. ??? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ????? ????? ???? ??????: ????? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ????????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????????. ??? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ????????? ?????????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????. ?????? ?? ????? ????? ????????? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ≪????≫ ?????????
?????
(unus) ????? ???????? ?????? ?? ????
????
????? ≪???≫ (??????????: ille) (???????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ??????????) ????? ???????? ?? ???
??????
(??????????: quidam) (????? ≪????? ??????≫ ?? ????????? ??????????) ???? ???? ???? ???????. ???? ??? ????????? ??????????? ??? ???? ??? ????? (??????????: esse) ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? (??????????: habere) ???? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ????????? ???????????. ???????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ????????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ≪????≫ ?? ≪????≫ (??????????: quod or quia). ???? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ???? ≪????≫ (
?????????
que) ?? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ????????.
?? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? (?????? ?? ???????) ??? ????? ???? ????????? ?????????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ???????????? ???? ≪?????≫? ??????? ?????????. ???????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ??????
???? ????????
? ?? ???????? ?????????? ???????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ???????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???? ????????? ?? ??? ???????? (??? ???? ??????? ????????? ?? ????? ?????? ???)? ????????? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ??????????. ??? ??????? quod ?? ???????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????????.
[5]
??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????
[
???
]
????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????????? ?????????? ????? ????? 800 ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ???????. ????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ???????? ?? ????????? ???????. ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ????????? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????. ???? ??????? ????????? ?? ???????? ?????? ?? ?? ????????? ?????????? ????????? ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ???? ?????????? ?? ?????????. ??? ???????? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ???????? ???. ??? ??? ????? ????? ?????????? ??? ???????? ?? ???? ????????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ????????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ?? ???????. ??? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ????????? ???? ?? ???????. ?? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ????????? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ???????.
?????
[
???
]