???????? ?????? ?????

?? ?????????? ???????? ?????
???????? ?????? ?????
 
??????? ?????
??????? 3 ???? 1896   تعديل قيمة خاصية (P569) في ويكي بيانات
?????? 6 ?????? 1974 (78 ???)   تعديل قيمة خاصية (P570) في ويكي بيانات
????   تعديل قيمة خاصية (P20) في ويكي بيانات
?????? ????? (26 ????? 1950?)
????? ????????? (?14 ????? 1947)
????? ????? (15 ????? 1947?26 ????? 1950)   تعديل قيمة خاصية (P27) في ويكي بيانات
?????
???? ?????? ??????   تعديل قيمة خاصية (P39) في ويكي بيانات
?? ??????
17 ????? 1957  ? 31 ?????? 1962 
?????? ???????
??????? ???? ???? ???????     [???? ????] ‏
???? ???? ????????
???? ???? ????????
????? ?????
????? ????   تعديل قيمة خاصية (P69) في ويكي بيانات
?????? ????? ?   ??????   تعديل قيمة خاصية (P106) في ويكي بيانات
????? ??????? ?????? ??????   تعديل قيمة خاصية (P102) في ويكي بيانات
?????? ?????????? ?   ????????   تعديل قيمة خاصية (P1412) في ويكي بيانات
???????
  ????? ??????     [???? ????] ‏  (1954)   تعديل قيمة خاصية (P166) في ويكي بيانات
????? ????? - ?????   طالع توثيق القالب

???????? ???????? ?????? ????? (3 ???? 1896- 6 ?????? 1974) ??? ?????? ??????????? ???????? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ????? (??? ?????????)? ????? ??? ???? . [1] [2] [3]

?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????????? ??????? ?? ?? ?? ????? ??????. ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ??????????? ???????? ?????? ≪?????? ????? ?????? ?????≫? ??? ??????? ???????? ????????? ≪????? ???? ??????≫. ???? ?????? ???????? ????? ???????? ???? ≪????? ... ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????≫? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ???. ??. ????????? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ????. ??? ????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????. [4] [5]

????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ???????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ????????? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ????????. ??? ???? ?????????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ???????? . ???? ??????? ??????????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ??????????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ???????. ?? ??? 1957? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ???? (8 ?????) ???? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ≪??? ?????≫. [6] [7]

?????? ??? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???????? ? ??????????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ????? ???? ???????? ???? ?????? ????. ?????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ?????. [8]

????? ??????? ???????? [ ??? ]

???? ????? ?? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ?????????? ?? ???????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ?? ???????. ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????????? ????????? ??? ????????? ?????????? ??? ???? (??? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ????)? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???????. ???? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ??? ??????? (????? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ???????? ?????) ?? ????????? ??? 1815 ?1817? ???? ???? ?????? ????. ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????????? ???????. ?? ??? 1918 ????? ?? ?????? ????????? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ????????? ?? ??????? ?????????. ????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ????? ?? ?????????? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ???????. ??? ????? ??????? ?? ≪???? ?? ??????≫ ???? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ??? 1924. [9]

????? ???????? ?? ??????? [ ??? ]

?? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ???????? ?? ??? ????????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ?? ?????. ?? ??? 1930? ??? ????? ??? ???? ????????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????????? ??? ??? 1934 ??? ??? ???? ????????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ????????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? . ???? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? 1934? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?? 37. [10] [11]

???? ????????? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ???????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ???. ????? ???. ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ?????. ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ??? ?? ???: [12] [13]

.. ?????? ??? (?????) ?????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ?????. ???? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ???????. ?? ??? 1935? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???? 100 ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ????. ????? ??? ??? ??? ??????.

??? ????? ???????? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ????.

????? ???????? ?? ???????? ??????? [ ??? ]

??? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ????. ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? (?? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ??? ≪??? ???≫ ?????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ??????)? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ??. ??? ??? ????? ??????????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????????? ?? ??? 1939 ???? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ???????. ?????? (?? ????? ????? ?????? ????) ?? ??? ????? ???????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? 1944. [14] [15]

????? ????? ????? ????????? [ ??? ]

???? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?? 1929 ??? 1947? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???????? ????? ???? ?????? ? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ?????. ???? ????? ????? ??????? ????????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ?? ?????. ?? ??? 1932? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ≪?????? ?? ?????≫? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ????. ??? ????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ???? ???????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ????????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ????????. ????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????? ?????????? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ???? ???? ??????? ?????. ????? ???????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ???????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ????????? ???????????. ??? ????? ?????????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ????. [16] [17]

???? ???? ?? ???? ?? ???? ????? ??? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ??????? ? ??? ???? ?? ??? ???? ????? ?? ???????????? ?????????? ???????? ???????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ????????? ???????? ???????. ????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ??????????? ?? ????????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ≪??? ????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ???????≫. [18]


????? ?????? [ ??? ]

??????? [ ??? ]

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