한국   대만   중국   일본 
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1982  ? 1983 
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13 ????? 2005  ? 15 ????? 2010 
 
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???? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ? ( 2 ???? 1940 - 15 ????? 2010 [1] ) ???? ????? ????? ????? ???????? ????? ????? ? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ≪ ??????? ≫ ?? ≪??????? ???????≫ ?? ???????? ? ?? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ????????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ???????? ??? ??? ???? ??????????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ? ?? ??? ??? ???? ????????? ?? ???????? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ?????????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ?? ???????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???? ??? ???????? ??? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ?????????? ????????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ???????? ??????? ??? ????????? ??? ???????? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ????? ???? ?? ??????? . [2]

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????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??? 30 ?????? ??? 1983? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ≪?? ??? ????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ???? ??? ???? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ??≫ ????? ≪??????? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ???????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???????? ?? ???? ??? ???????? ???? ?????? ????? ????????? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ????????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ??????≫. [3]

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?? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ??? 1940 ??? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ???????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??? ????? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ????: ≪ ?????? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ???????? (??? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ??????)? ???????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ??? (?????? ??????). ≫ ???? ?? ??? ????? ???? ????????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ????? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ??? ≪ ?????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??? ????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ????? ??? ?????. ≫ ??? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ????????? ?? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ??????. [4]

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???? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? 1965 - 1385?? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ???????? (????? ?????? ?????) ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? 1971 - 1391?? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ???????? 1973 - 1393 ?? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ????????? 1976 - 1396 ?? ??? ???? ????? 1982 - 1402?? ????? ???????? ??? ??????? 1984 - 1404 ?? ?? ???? ???????? ??? ???????? 1992 - 1412?? ???? ???? ?????? ????????? 2003 - 1423?? ??? ?? ???? ????? 2005 - 1425 ?? ? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ??? 1992 ????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ???????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ? ??? ??? ??? ????? ?? ??? 30 ??? ?? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ????????? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????:≪ ??? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??? ???? ???? ????? ????????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? (????? ?? ????? ??????) ???? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ????????. ≫ ???? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ??????. [5]

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?? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????. ?? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ????????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ???????? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ???????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? . [4]

??? ???? ??? ??? ???????? ???? ??? ????? ??????????? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ???????? ???????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ???????? (????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ?????) ????? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ?? ????. ??? ???? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ???? ???????? ???????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ??? 1962 ???? ??? ?????? ?? ???????? ??????? ????????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ???? ?????????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ????????? ?? ???????? ??????? . [4] ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ????????? ? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ???????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ???????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????. [4]

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??? 1973 ??? ?????? ?? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ???????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ???????? ???????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ????????? ??? ?? ??? ???????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ??? 1975 ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ? ????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ???????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???????? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ?????????????? ???????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??? ???????? ????????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ???????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ??? ?? ????? ????? 1981 ??? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ?? ??? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ??? 1982 ? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ?????: ≪ ???? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ?????. ≫ ??? ??? ??????? ???? ???????? ????? ???????? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ???????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ????? (????? ?????? ??????)? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ???????? ??????? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ????????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????????. ???? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ???????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ??? 1984 ???? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ?? ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ???????.

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??? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ???????? ???????? ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ???????? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ????????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ?????: ≪ ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ≫ ???? ???? ≪ ???? ?? ?????? ????? .. ???? ??????? ????: ???? ????? ???: ??? ?????? ???: ???? ????? ????: ?????. ≫ ????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ???????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ???????? ?? ????? ?????????? ????? ???????? ?? ???????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ????????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????. ???? ?? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ???????? ??????????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????????? ?? ???????? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ???????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ???????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? : ≪ ?? ?? ????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?????: ??? ?? ???? ??? ??? ???. [7] ≫

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?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ??????????:

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  • ??? ??????? 1994? ?????: ????? ?????????? ????? ??? (1996) ( ???? 0-7103-0550-8 )

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  • ???????. ??? ???? ≪?????? ????? ?????≫. [15]
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??? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ?????????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? (????? ????????) FROM THE ORIENT AND THE DESERT ??? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ??????????? ??? ??? ???? ???????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ?? ????? ??? 1971?? ??? ??? ?? ???? ???? ????? ????????? ?? ?????? ??????? (?? ??? ??????)? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ????. [17]

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?????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?????. [19]
???? ????? [20] ???? ???? ???? ????
?????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ???? ????? ????? ?????? (2008).
???? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???? [21]

?????? [ ??? ]

  • ≪????? ??? ???????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ????????? ???????? ??? ????? ??? ???! ??? ??? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ??????≫.
  • ≪?? ?? ???? ?? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ?????≫.
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  • ≪????? ??? ????? ???????? : ????? ???? ? ???????? ?????. ????? ?????? ???????? ?????. ????? ????? ???????? ??? ????. ????? ??????? ???????? ????. ????? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ???? ??? ????? ??????≫.
  • ≪??? ???? ?????? ?? ???????? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?????????≫. [22]

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??? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? .

????????? ??????? [ ??? ]

  • ????? ?? ????? ?????? [23] - ????? ??? ????? ????? 1960? - 1380??
  • ????? ?? ??? - ????? ??? ????? ????? 1965? - 1385??
  • ?? ???? ???? - ????? ??? ????? ????? 1969? - 1389??
  • ????? ??? ???? - ????? ??? ????? 1970? - 1390?? [24]
  • ????? ??? - ??? ?????? 1976? - 1396??
  • ??? ?????? - ?1 ?????? ?????? ?????? - ?2 ??? ?????? 1977? - 1397?? [25]
  • ????? ?????? - ??? ?????? ???????? 1980?/1400?? [26]
  • ????? - ?????? ?????? ??????? 1982? - 1402?? [27]
  • ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? - ??? ????? ??????? 1985? - 1405?? [28]
  • ???????? ??????? ??????? - ?1 ??? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?2 ????? 1987? - 1407?? [29]
  • ???? ??? ????? ???? - ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????? 1987? - 1407?? [30]
  • ????? ???? ???? - ?????? ?????? ??????? 1990? - 1411?? [31]
  • ??? ?? ??????? - ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????? 1991? - 1411?? [32]
  • ???? - ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????? 1996? - 1416?? [33]
  • ????? ?? ??? ???? - ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????? 1997? - 1417?? [34]
  • ?????? ?? ??????? - ??? ?????? 2000? - 1420?? [35]
  • ?? ??? ?????? - ???????? 2001? - 1421?? [36]
  • ????? - ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????? 2001? - 1421?? [37]
  • ??????? - ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????? 2002? - 1423?? [38]
  • ????? ?????? - ???????? 2007? - 1428?? [38]
  • ??????? - ??? ??????? 2008? - 1429?? [39]

????? [ ??? ]

???? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ????? 5 ????? 1431 ?? ??????? 15 ????? 2010 ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ?????. [40]

???? ???? [ ??? ]

??????? [ ??? ]

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  24. ^ "????? ???????'s review of ????? ??? ????" . www.goodreads.com . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2023-10-17 . ???? ???? ?????? 2023-10-08 .
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  38. ^ ? ? ???????? ???? ?? ????????? (2 ?????? 2008). ????? ??????: ????? ??? . ???????? ?????. ISBN : 978-9960-54-205-8 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2023-10-19.
  39. ^ ???????????? ???? ??????? ? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ???????. "???? ??????" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-04-01 . ???? ???? ?????? 2020-05-11 . {{ ??????? ??? }} : ????? ?????????: BOT: original URL status unknown ( link )
  40. ^ ???? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ??????? ? ????? ??????? ??? ?? 15 ????? 2010 ???? ?????? 2020-04-05 ?? Wayback Machine

????? ?????? [ ??? ]

????
???? ?? ??? ???? ?????? 		???? ??????? ????????

1396 ?? - 1402 ??

????
??? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ??????
????
???? ?? ??? ?????? ???????? 		???? ?????

1403 ?? - 1404 ??

????
???? ?? ????????? ????????
????
????? ??????? 		???? ?????? ?????????

1423 ?? - 1424 ??

????
??? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ??????
????
??? ?? ??????? ??????
(??? ????? ?? ?????? ??????????) 		???? ?????

1424 ?? - 1431 ??

????
???? ????
?????? ?? ≪ https://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=????_???????&oldid=66971293 ≫