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????	rural criminology (en)

??? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????????. ??? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ?? ?? ?? ?????? ???????? ???????????? ????????? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ? ?????? ?????? ????????? ? ???????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ? ?????? ?????????????? ??????????? ???? ?? ????? ???????. ^[1]

??? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ???100 ??? ??????? ?? ???????? ??????? ?????????? ???? ?????: ??????? ?????? (1900-1930): ??? ????? ?????? ??????. ??????? ??????? (1930-1960): ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ??????? (1960-2000): ???? ????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ???? ????? ???????. ^[2] ?? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ??? ?? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ????????.

??????? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? [ ??? ]

?? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ??? ???????? ???? ????? ??? ???????? ??????????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???????. ??? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????????? ???????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ???????. ???: ??????????? ?????????? ??????? . ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ???? ???????? ??? ??????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ????????? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ??????? ???????? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ???????? ???? ??????? ???????. ^[3]

??????? ?????????? [ ??? ]

???? ??????? ?????????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????. ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ?????:

????? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ????? ??????.
???? ????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ????? ≪??????≫ ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ????????. ????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ???????.
??????? ?????? ???? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????????.

??? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ???????? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????. ????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ????????? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ^[4]

??????? ???????? [ ??? ]

???? ??????? ???????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ??????? ???????? ????????? ???? ???? ??????? ?????. ?????? ???????? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ?????: ????? ?????????? ???????? ????????? ??????????. ^[5]

??????? ????????? [ ??? ]

?????? ???????? (1835-1909)? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ≪????≫ ?? ??? ???????. ??? ??? ?????? ?? ????????? ????????? ?? ??????? ??????????. ???? ??????? ????????? ???? ???????. ???? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ????????? ?????? ???????. ????? ?? ?????? ???????????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ????????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????. ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ?? ???????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ??????????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ???????? ????? ?? ???????. ??? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????????. ^[6]

?????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ??? ????? ? ?? ??????? ?? ???????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ????????. ?????? ????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ???????? ??????????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ????????? ????? ??? ???????? ??????? ????????. ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ???. ????? ???? ???????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????????? ??? ????????? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ??? ?????. ^[7]

????? ?????? [ ??? ]

???? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ??????. ?? ?????????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ≪????? ????????≫? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ????????. ??? ??????????? ??? ?? ?? ???? ?????????? ? ??? ??? ???????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????????. ???? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????. ?????? ?????? ????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ????????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????????? ????????? ??? ?????? ????????. ???? ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ??? ???????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ???????.

????? ?????? ????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ???????. ????? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?? ???????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ?? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ??????????? ?????????? ? ????????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ???????? ???? ???????? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ???????.

?????? ?????? ?????????? [ ??? ]

????? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ???????? ???? ??? ????????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ????????? ???? ???????? ?? ???????. ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ?? ?? ???? ???? ??? ??? ???????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ???????. ^[8]

???????? ??????? [ ??? ]

????? ?????? [ ??? ]

??? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ???????? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ?? ?????. ?????? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???????. ^[9]

????? ?????? ???????? [ ??? ]

????? ????? ?????? ????????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???????. ????? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ????. ???? ????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ???????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????. ^[10]

?????? ??? ??????? [ ??? ]

???? ?? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????????? ???? ??????? ???????: ?? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ?????????? ???????? ???????. ??? ????? ?????????? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ???????. ^[11]

???? ???? ???????? ???????? ?? ????? ???????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?? ????????. ???? ???????? ???????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ???????? (??? ????? ????????? ?????????) ?? ????????? (??????) ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????. ^[12]

??? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ????????? ????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??? ????? ?? ?? ??? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ???????? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ?????????. ???? ??? ??????? ???????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ???????? ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ??? ????????? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ???????? ????????? ???????? ??????: ??? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????????. ???? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ????????. ^[13]

?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ???????? ????????? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ???????? ????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???????. ??? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ?? ???????? ??????????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ???????. ?? ???? ????? ????? ≪?????≫ ??????? ?? ?????? ???????? ????? ??????? ???????? ≪?????≫. ^[14]

???? ????? [ ??? ]

????? [ ??? ]

^ Braithwaite, J. (1 Mar 2000). "The New Regulatory State and the Transformation of Criminology" . British Journal of Criminology (???????????). 40 (2): 222?238. DOI : 10.1093/bjc/40.2.222 . ISSN : 0007-0955 . Archived from the original on 2018-10-25.
^ Deflem, Mathieu? ?????? (2006). Sociological Theory and Criminological Research: Views from Europe and the United States . Elsevier. ?. 279 . ISBN : 978-0-7623-1322-8 .
^ Beccaria, Cesare (1764). On Crimes and Punishments, and Other Writings . ?????: Richard Davies. Cambridge University Press. ?. 64. ISBN : 978-0-521-40203-3 .
^ David, Christian Carsten. "Criminology - Crime." Cybercrime. Northamptonshire (UK), 5 June 1972. Web. 23 February 2012. < http://carsten-ulbrich.zymichost.com/crimeanalysis/10.html ???? ?????? 2012-07-10 ?? archive.today >.
^ "Archived copy" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 27 ?????? 2015 . ???? ???? ?????? 26 ?????? 2015 . {{ ??????? ??? }}: ????? ?????????: ??????? ?????? ( link )
^ Beirne, Piers (???? 1987). "Adolphe Quetelet and the Origins of Positivist Criminology" . American Journal of Sociology . ?. 92 ?. 5: 1140?1169. DOI : 10.1086/228630 .
^ Lochner? Lance (2004). "The American Economic Review" . The Effect of Education on Crime: Evidence from Prison Inmates, Arrests, and Self-Reports . ?. 94: 155?189. DOI : 10.1257/000282804322970751 . ????? ?? ????? (Submitted manuscript) ?? 2019-01-27.
^ Hester, S., Eglin, P. 1992, A Sociology of Crime , London, Routledge.
^ Shaw, Clifford R.? McKay, Henry D. (1942). Juvenile Delinquency and Urban Areas . The University of Chicago Press. ISBN : 978-0-226-75125-2 .
^ Cloward, Richard, Lloyd Ohlin (1960). Delinquency and Opportunity . Free Press. ISBN : 978-0-02-905590-8 . {{ ??????? ????? }}: ????? ?????????: ????? ??????: ????? ???????? ( link )
^ Morenoff, Jeffrey? Robert Sampson? Stephen Raudenbush (2001). "Neighborhood Inequality, Collective Efficacy and the Spatial Dynamics of Urban Violence" . Criminology . ?. 39 ?. 3: 517?60. DOI : 10.1111/j.1745-9125.2001.tb00932.x .
^ Siegel? Larry (2015). Criminology: Theories, Patterns, and Typologies . Cengage Learning. ?. 191 . ISBN : 978-1305446090 .
^ Merton, Robert (1957). Social Theory and Social Structure . Free Press. ISBN : 978-0-02-921130-4 .
^ Kornhauser, R. (1978). Social Sources of Delinquency . University of Chicago Press. ISBN : 978-0-226-45113-8 .

?? ????? ??? ?????? ??: ??? ???????

[1] Braithwaite, J. (1 Mar 2000). "The New Regulatory State and the Transformation of Criminology" . British Journal of Criminology (???????????). 40 (2): 222?238. DOI : 10.1093/bjc/40.2.222 . ISSN : 0007-0955 . Archived from the original on 2018-10-25.

[2] Deflem, Mathieu? ?????? (2006). Sociological Theory and Criminological Research: Views from Europe and the United States . Elsevier. ?. 279 . ISBN : 978-0-7623-1322-8 .

[Beccaria,_Cesare_1764_64-3] Beccaria, Cesare (1764). On Crimes and Punishments, and Other Writings . ?????: Richard Davies. Cambridge University Press. ?. 64. ISBN : 978-0-521-40203-3 .

[4] David, Christian Carsten. "Criminology - Crime." Cybercrime. Northamptonshire (UK), 5 June 1972. Web. 23 February 2012. < http://carsten-ulbrich.zymichost.com/crimeanalysis/10.html ???? ?????? 2012-07-10 ?? archive.today >.

[5] "Archived copy" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 27 ?????? 2015 . ???? ???? ?????? 26 ?????? 2015 . {{ ??????? ??? }}: ????? ?????????: ??????? ?????? ( link )

[6] Beirne, Piers (???? 1987). "Adolphe Quetelet and the Origins of Positivist Criminology" . American Journal of Sociology . ?. 92 ?. 5: 1140?1169. DOI : 10.1086/228630 .

[7] Lochner? Lance (2004). "The American Economic Review" . The Effect of Education on Crime: Evidence from Prison Inmates, Arrests, and Self-Reports . ?. 94: 155?189. DOI : 10.1257/000282804322970751 . ????? ?? ????? (Submitted manuscript) ?? 2019-01-27.

[8] Hester, S., Eglin, P. 1992, A Sociology of Crime , London, Routledge.

[9] Shaw, Clifford R.? McKay, Henry D. (1942). Juvenile Delinquency and Urban Areas . The University of Chicago Press. ISBN : 978-0-226-75125-2 .

[cloward-10] Cloward, Richard, Lloyd Ohlin (1960). Delinquency and Opportunity . Free Press. ISBN : 978-0-02-905590-8 . {{ ??????? ????? }}: ????? ?????????: ????? ??????: ????? ???????? ( link )

[11] Morenoff, Jeffrey? Robert Sampson? Stephen Raudenbush (2001). "Neighborhood Inequality, Collective Efficacy and the Spatial Dynamics of Urban Violence" . Criminology . ?. 39 ?. 3: 517?60. DOI : 10.1111/j.1745-9125.2001.tb00932.x .

[12] Siegel? Larry (2015). Criminology: Theories, Patterns, and Typologies . Cengage Learning. ?. 191 . ISBN : 978-1305446090 .

[13] Merton, Robert (1957). Social Theory and Social Structure . Free Press. ISBN : 978-0-02-921130-4 .

[14] Kornhauser, R. (1978). Social Sources of Delinquency . University of Chicago Press. ISBN : 978-0-226-45113-8 .

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