???? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ???
? ??????? ????
???? ??? ??????
(
18 ??????
1981
-)
?????
?????
?????
?????
????
? ????
?????
??? ??? 2004? ??? ??? ≪????? ??? ??????? ???? ?????≫ ????????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ???.
[2]
??? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ??
??????? ?????????
??????.
[3]
????? ?? ??? ??????? ???????? ??????
???? ??? ???????
??????? ???????? ??????
????? ???? ????? ???????
? ?????????
???? ????
??????
?????????
????? ???? ????? ???????
? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???
?????????
?? ???. ???? ????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??? 2021 ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ≪??? ?? ???? ???≫.
????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????????
???????? ?????? ??????
(2006)? ????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ???????? (2011)? ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????? ????? ??? 2011 ???? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ??? 2013 ?? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ????????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? 2019 ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ???????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ≪??? ????? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????????≫.?????? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? “?? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????????? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????”
[4]
??? ???? ????????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ≪????? ?????≫.
[5]
???? ???? ???? ???????? ?????? ????? ??? ????????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ????????? ???? ?????? ????????? ???????? ?????????? ??? ????????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ???????
[4]
???? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?? ?????
2022
??? ?? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ??????.
[6]
[7]
[8]
[9]
???? ????? ???????? ??????????
??? ????
???? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ?? ?????? ??????
???? ????
???? ???????
?????????
.
[10]
?????? ???????
[
???
]
??? ??????? ?? ????????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????
????? ???????
. ???? ?????????? ?? ???????? ????????? ?????????. ????? ???? ?????? ?????
?????
????? ????
??????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ???????.
[
????? ?????
]
??? ?????? ??????? “???? ??? ??????” ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ????????? ?????????? ??? 20 ???? ??? 2004? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ????? “??? ???? ??????????” ?? ???????? ???? “??? ??????? ???? ?????”? ?????? ??????? ??? ???????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????
??????? ??? ????
.
[11]
?? ?????? 2021? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????????? ????????? ?? ???? ??????????? ????? "
You Have Not Yet Been Defeated
" ?? ≪??? ?? ???? ???≫ ???? ≪????????????≫ ?? ????.
[12]
?????????? ???????
[
???
]
???? ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ??????? 2011 ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ??≪????? ?????≫? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????.
[5]
??? ????? ????? ?? ????? -??? ?????? 2019- ??? ???????
[13]
???? ?? ????? ??? ???? ???????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? (?? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ????)? ???? ??? ??? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ???.
[14]
???? ??? ???? ?????
[
???
]
?? ??? ?????
7 ????
2006
? ?????? ???? ???????? ????? ?? ???
??????? ?????? ??????
? ????? ???? ?? 10 ????? ??
????????
??????
???????????
? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ???????? ???? ?????
???
? ??????
?????
????? ??????? ≪?????? ?????≫ (
???????????
:
Free Alaa
)?? ???? ???????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ??????.
[15]
[16]
??? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???????? ????????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ????? ?????? “?????? ?????” ???????? ?????? ?????? ???
20 ?????
2006
??? ?? ??? ?? ????? 45 ????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ???????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?????? “??? ?????? ????” ???? 49 ?????? ??? ???? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ?????
?????? ?????????? ??????????
????? ≪?? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ????????≫.
[17]
???? ??? ?????? ???????
[
???
]
??
30 ??????
?
2011
? ????
??????? ????????
??
????? ???
??? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ???? 15 ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ??
????? ???????
? ????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?? 25 ???? ??? ???????? ?? ???? ?????.
[18]
??? ?? ??? ????????
?????? ???????? ???????? ?? ?????
? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ??.
[19]
? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ≪????≫ ????? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ???????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ????.
[20]
[21]
?? ??? ????? 25 ?????? ??? ???? ????????? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ??????.
???? ??? ???? ????
[
???
]
??? ???? ?? ???? ????????? ??????
????
?????? ??????? ????????
? ???????
25 ????
2013
????
??????? ??????
????? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ≪??????? ??? ????? ???≫
[22]
? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ≪??????
???????????
≫
[23]
?????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ???????.
[24]
???? ??? ??? ?????? ??????
[
???
]
2013-2019
[
???
]
?? 28 ?????? 2013 ????? ???? ????? ??????? ???
???????
?? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ??????. ??? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ???????? ?????? ????????. ????? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ????????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????.
[25]
[26]
?? 23 ?????? 2015 ????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ????
??????? ???? ?????
.
[27]
[28]
???? ?????? 5 ????? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ???
????????
?? ???? 12 ???? ??? ?12 ???? ???? ?? ????? ?? ??? ???? 5 ????? ????.
[29]
??? ?? ??? ?? ????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ???????? ????? ?????? 29 ?????? 2019.
2019 - ????
[
???
]
??? ????? 5 ????? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ???????? ????? 12 ???? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ???????? ????? ?????? 29 ?????? 2019. ????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ???????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ????? ????????? ?????? ???????.
[30]
[31]
?? ???? ??? ≪
??? ??? ???? ??????? 2
≫? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ≪??? ?????? 2≫. ????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ????? ????? ???????.
[32]
???
15 ????
2020
??? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ????????? ????? ?? ?????? ???????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ???????? ??????? ?? ????????.
[33]
??
13 ??????
2021
? ????? ??????? ????????
???? ???
?????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ?? ????? ????? ????????? ?? ???? ??? ????????? ???????? ????? ≪
??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ?????
≫.
[34]
??? ???
???? ???
? ????????
15 ??????
? ?? ????? ???? ≪?????? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ???????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ??
??? ???? ??????? 2 ???
? ??? ??? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?????≫.
[35]
??? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ???????
20 ??????
2021
? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ?4 ????? ??? ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ≪???????≫? ???? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ??????. ????? ???? ??????
????? ???????? ?????????
??? ???? ??????? ???????
??? ?????
? ?????: ≪?? ??????? ?????????≫ ????? ????? ???≪?? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?? ???≫.
[36]
[37]
??????? ?? ??????
[
???
]
??? 2 ????? 2022 ??? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ?? 7 ???? (224 ????)? ????? ????? ??? ≪??? ??????≫ ???????? ≪????? ?????? ????: ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ????????? ???????? ????? ?????????? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??????/ ????? 2019 ???? ????? ???≫ ??????? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ?? ≪????? ?? ???????? ?????????? ?? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ???????? ????????? ??????? ?????≫.
[8]
[9]
???? ?????
[
???
]
???? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ??????????
?????? ?????
?? ??????? ??
????? ?????????
??? ????? ≪
???? ???? ????? ???????: ??????? ???? ???? Cop27 ??????
≫ ?? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ???????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ??? 60 ???
???? ?????
?? ?????? ???????? ??? ????
????? ??????
? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????? ???? ??????: ≪
?? ???? ?"???27" ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ??????
≫
[38]
?????? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ???????? ?????????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ??????.
[39]
??
2 ??????
2022? ???? 15 ?????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? 13 ?? ???????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ????? ???????????
???????? ??????????
???????
?????? ?????
?????????
????? ?????? ????
? ??????????
???? ????
??????? ???????
? ???????????
???? ????
? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ????????
???? ?? ????
?? ???????? ????????? ???????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ????????? ?????????
????? ?????
. ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ???????
??????? ???????
????? ?????? ????????
???? ?????
??????? ????????
?? ?????
????? ????? ???????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????????
??????? ??????
.
[40]
?? 7 ?????? 2022 ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ????????? ????
????? ???????? ????????
???????? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ???? ???????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ?????? “????????”? ???? ???????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ?? ????? ?? ????? ???.
[41]
??? ????
????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? 2022 ?????? ?? ??? ?????
? ???
???????? ??????? ????? ??????? ????? ???????
??????? ??????? ??? ≪??????? ??????≫ ?? ???? ??? ??????
[42]
[43]
????? ≪
???? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????????? ?? ???? ???? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?? ???? ????????? ???????? ????? ????????? ??? ??? ????????? ????? ???????? ?????. ??? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ???????? ????? ????????? ????????
≫? ??? ??? ????? ??? ???
???????? ????????
????? ?????
[44]
??????? ????????
?? ?????
[45]
??????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ????????? ???? ????? ?
[46]
?????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????.
[47]
[48]
[49]
???? ????? ????? ????????? ???
???? ????
????? ???????
???? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ????????? ??????? (?????)? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ??? 2010: ≪
?? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ???????
≫? ????? ??? 2012 ≪
??? ????? ?????? ?? ????????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ????? ???? ????
≫? ????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ≪
???? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ????? ???????.. ???????? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ?????
≫.
[50]
[51]
[52]
[53]
[54]
???? ??? ?? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ≪
????? ?? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ???????? ??????? ??? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ????????? ??? ???????? ???????? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ??? ??? ???????? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ???????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??????
≫ ??? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ????????? ??????? ??????
????? ?????
?????????? ????? ???????? ??????
???? ????
???? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????.
[55]
???? ?????
[
???
]
????? ??????
[
???
]
?????
[
???
]
|
---|
|
???? ??????
| |
---|
???? ???????
| |
---|
?????????? (??? ??????)
| |
---|
???????
| |
---|
???????
?????? ???
| |
---|
???????
??????????
| |
---|
?????? ??????
| |
---|
???? ????????
| |
---|
???????
| |
---|
??? ??????
| |
---|
????? ???? ???
?????? ???????
| |
---|
????? ???? ?? ??????
| |
---|
???? ?????
| |
---|
|
|
---|
|
??????? ??? ?????
| |
---|
?????????
| ???????
| |
---|
???
| |
---|
?????
| |
---|
?????????
| |
---|
?????
| |
---|
????
| |
---|
?????
| |
---|
|
---|
????? ??????
| ???????
| |
---|
???????
| |
---|
???
| |
---|
??????
| |
---|
?????
| |
---|
?????????
| |
---|
??????
| |
---|
????????
| |
---|
???????
| |
---|
?????
| |
---|
????
| |
---|
???????? ??????? ???????
| |
---|
?????
| |
---|
|
---|
????? ??????? ???????
| |
---|
?????? ????? ???????
| |
---|
???? ????? ???????
| |
---|
???? ????? ???????
| |
---|
??????? ??????? ??? ?????
| |
---|
|