한국   대만   중국   일본 
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شريط في شكل أحجية الصور المقطوعة هو رمز لطيف التوحد، يعبر عن تنوع الحالات واختلاف الناس المصابة بالتوحد.
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???????? ??? ?????   تعديل قيمة خاصية (P1995) في ويكي بيانات
?? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????   تعديل قيمة خاصية (P279) في ويكي بيانات
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????? ?????? ????   تعديل قيمة خاصية (P1889) في ويكي بيانات
????? ????? - ?????   طالع توثيق القالب

??? ?????? ( ??????????? : Autism spectrum )? ?? ????? ??????? ( ??????????? : autistic spectrum )? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? (DSM-5) ?? ?????? ???????? ????????? ?????????? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ???????? .

???? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ??? 2013 ????? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? (DSM-IV-TR (2000)) ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??? ??????? [ ????? ????? ] ??????? ??????? ???????? . [1]

????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ???????: ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????????? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ?????. [2] ?? ???? ???????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????. [3]

????? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ???????? ???. ????? ????? ??? ?????? ????? 1% ?? ?????? [2] ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ??????. [3]

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??? ????? 18 ????? ????? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ?????

??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ???????? ???????? ????????? [4] ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ≪?????? ???????? ????????? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ???????≫ ???????. [5] ??? ????? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???? ???????? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ??????? ??? ? ??????? ??????? ???????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ?????. [4] [6]

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?? ???? ≪ ?????? ???????? ????????? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ≫? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ????????? ???????? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ?????????? ?? ??????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ???. [7] ???? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ≪ ??????? ??????? ≫? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?? ???????? ????? ???????? ???? ?????. [8] ?? ????? ????????? ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ???????? ???? ??????? ???? ??????? 50% ?? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ?? ????????? ??????? ????? (???? ?????? ????? ??????) ??????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ????????? ?????? ?? ??? ???????? ????????. [9]

????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? -????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ?????????? ???????- ???? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? [10] ??? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????. [11]

???? ?????? ???????? ????????? ?????????? ??????? (?????? ???????) ????????? ??????? ????????: ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ??????. [7]

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?????? ?? ???????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????? ????????? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ?????. [12] [13] ???? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ???????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ???????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ???????. [14]

???? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ???????? ?? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?????. ?? ???? ??? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????? ??? ?????? ???????? ???????????? ?????????? ????????? ???????? ???? ???? ???????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????. [15] [16]

?? ???? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ????????? ??? ???? ????? ???????? ?????????? ??? ???? ??? ???????? ??? ?? ???????? ?? ???????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ???? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ????????. ?? ??? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ???????? ?? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?? ?? 2.5 ?? ????? ?? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ??? ?? 5 ?????. [17]

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???????? ?????????? ???? ???? ???????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????. ???? ???? ??? ????? ?? ????????? ????????? ??????????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??????. [18] ???? ??? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ≪????? ?????≫ ?? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ????. [19]

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???? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ???????? ???????? ???? ???????? ??????????? ????????? ?? ?????? ????? ???????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? [20] ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ??? ?????? ???????? ?????. ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??? ????? ???????? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????.

?? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ????????? ?????????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ?????????. ???????? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ????????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ???????? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?  ??????? ???????? ?? ???????? ??? ????? ????????? ?????? ??? ???????.???? ??? ????? ??? ??? ????? ????????? ?????????? ??????? ??? ???????. [21]

??? ?????? ??? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ???????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ?????????? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ?? ??? ??????? ????. [22] ?????????? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ???????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????????? ??????. [23] ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ≪???????? ???????≫ ????? ??????? ??≪???? ????? ???? ?????≫ ?? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??? ??????. [24] ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ????????? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ???????? ????? ???????. ???? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ≪ ??? ???? ≫ ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ??????? ???. [22] ?? ?? ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ?????  ?????? ?????? ???????. [25]

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?? ??? ?? ??????? ??????? ????????? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ???????? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ?????. ???? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ???????. [26]

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???????? ?? 2018? ???? ????? ????? ????? ???????? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ???????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ????????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ????.

????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? [ ??? ]

?? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ????????? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ??????. ???? ????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ?? ????????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???????? -??? ??? ??????????- ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????????. ?? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ???????? ??? ?? ????? ?? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ????????? [27] ???? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ??????? [28] ?? ???? ???? ??? ????????? ????? ?????. [28]

?? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ??????. [29]

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???? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ≪??? ??????≫. [30] ??? ??????? -?????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ??????- [31] ????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ?? (1) ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ????? ?? ?? ???? (2)?????????? ??? ???? ????? ?????. [32] ?? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???? ??? ???????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ????????? ?? ???????? ????????? ???????. [33]

???? ??? ????????? ??????? ???? 2014 ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????????? ???? ??? 1.25 ????? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ?????????? [34] ??? ?????? ???? ??????????? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????. [35]

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???? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ????. [36] ???? ??? ???????? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ???????. [37] ????? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ???????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ???????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? . [38] [39]

?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???????? . ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ???????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ???????. [40]

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????? ???? ????????? ???????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????. [41] ?? ?????? ??? ???? ????????? ???????? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????. [42] ??????? ??? ??? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?? ????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????. [43] [44]

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?? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ????????????? ? ??? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ???????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?????. [45]

????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ???? ?? 5% ?? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???? ????????????? ????????. [46] ?? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ????????????? ???????? ?? 23% ??? ?? ??????? ???????? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ????????????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ????????????? . [46]

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?? ???????? ??? ????? ???? ??????????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ???????? ???????? ?? ?? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????????? ?????????? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ???????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ???????. ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????????? ?????????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ????????. [47]

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??????? ?????? ??? ?????? [ ??? ]

???? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ?? 18 ????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???????? [48] ????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ?? ??? ???????. [49] ???? ????????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??? ???? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????. [50] ????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ???????? ????? ???????? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ??????????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ?????. [51]

????? ???????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ???????? ?? ???? ?????????? ????????? ???? ???????? [52] ??????????? ????????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????????? [50] ????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ???????. [53]

??????? ???????? [ ??? ]

???? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ???????? ????? ??? ???? ???????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????. ?? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????????? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ????????? ????. [54] [55]

?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ???????? ????????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ? ????? ???? ?? 11-39% ?? ??????? ???????? ???????. [56] ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ? ??? ???? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? 1-4% ?? ??????? ???????? ???????. [57] ??? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ???????? ??? ??????? ??? ?? 25-75% ?? ??????? ???????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ??? ??????. [58] 

???? ???????? ????? ???????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ?? 
????? ??????
 ?????? ?? 7-84%.
[59]
 ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ??? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? 4-58%.
[60]

???????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ????????? ??? ?? 40-69% ?? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? . [59] ???? ????? ?????? ?? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???: ??????? ?????????? ??? ???? ? ???????? ????? ???????? ?????? ? ???????? ??????? ? ???????? ?????-???? . [61] ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ???? ????????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ????????. [62] [63] [64]

?????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???????? ??????? ?????????? ????? ????????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ???????. [65] ??? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??? ???????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ??????. [66]

?????? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? 42-88%. [67]

?????? [ ??? ]

?? ???? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ?? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ???? ?????. [68] [69] [70] ??????? ???????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????????? ????????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????. [71] [72] ????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ??????????? ?? ????? ????????? ???????? ????????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ?? ???? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ????????? ?????. [73]

???? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????????? ????????? ????????? ????? ???????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ????? ???????? ??????????? ??????? ??????? . [73] ?? ??? ??? ????????? ????? ???????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ?????. [72] ???? ???? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ????????? ???? ???? ?????? ???????? ??? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ????????? ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ????????? ???? ????? ???????? ??? ??? ????. [74]

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???? ???? ??????? ???? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?? 1 ?? ?? 68 ?????? ?? 14.7 ??? 1000 ??? ????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ??? 2010. [75] ?? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? 1-2 ??? 1000 ???? ???????? ?????? ???? 0.6 ??? 1000 ???? ??????? ???? ??????? ??? 0.02 ??? 1000? ??????????? ???????? ??????? ??? ??????? ????? 3.7 ??? 1000 ???. [76] ??? ???????? ??????? ??? ???????? ?????????? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ???????. [59]

?? ??? ?? ?????? ???????? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ????????? ??? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ??????? ????? 4.2 : 1 [77] ? ?? ?? ????? 1 ?? ?? 70 ??? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ?? ??? 315 ?? ??????. [78] ?? ???? ?????????? ?? ???????? ????? ?????????? ??? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ????????? ??? ???? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ????????? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ??????. [79]

??????? [ ??? ]

??? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ??????? ????? ??????? ???? ≪ ????? ???? ??????? ≫ ?????? ???? ??????. ???? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ?? ????????? ???????? ???? ?? ?????? ???????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ?????. [80] ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ????? ????????. ??? ??? ????? ????? ??? ????? ≪???? ???????≫ ?? ???????? ???????? ??? ?? ??? ???????? ???????? ???? 2015 ???? ????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ??????. [81]

??????? [ ??? ]

?? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????. [82] ???? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????. [83] ??? ??? ???? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ????????? ????????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???????? ?? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ???????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ???? ??????? ??????????. [82] ???? ????? ?????? ????? ????????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ????????? ?? ??? ?????. [84] ????? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????. [85] [86] ??? ????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ???????? ??????? ???? ???????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????.

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??????? [ ??? ]

  1. ^ "Autism spectrum disorder fact sheet" (PDF) . DSM5.org . American Psychiatric Publishing. 2013. ????? ?? ????? (PDF) ?? 2016-11-23 . ???? ???? ?????? 2013-10-13 .
  2. ^ ? ? American Psychiatric Association (2013). "Autism Spectrum Disorder. 299.00 (F84.0)". Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) . Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing. ?. 50?59. DOI : 10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596 . ISBN : 978-0-89042-559-6 . . doi : 10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596 [javascript:]
  3. ^ ? ? Comer? Ronald J. (2016). Fundamentals of Abnormal Psychology . New York: Worth /Macmillan Learning. ?.  457 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2022-09-26.
  4. ^ ? ? Lord C, Cook EH, Leventhal BL, Amaral DG     [???? ????] ‏. Autism spectrum disorders. Neuron . 2000;28(2):355?63. ???? ??????? ?????? : 10.1016/S0896-6273(00)00115-X . PMID 11144346 . . PMID 11144346 .
  5. ^ ??????? ????????? ??????? ???????? . Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders . 4th ed., text revision ( ?????? ???????? ????????? ?????????? ??????? ). 2000. ISBN 0890420254 . Diagnostic criteria for 299.80 Asperger's Disorder (AD) . "???? ??????" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2007-06-07 . ???? ???? ?????? 2018-10-29 . {{ ??????? ??? }} : ????? ?????????: BOT: original URL status unknown ( link ) . Diagnostic criteria for 299.80 Asperger's Disorder (AD) . ???? ?????? 2012-02-28 ?? Wayback Machine
  6. ^ National Institute of Mental Health. Autism spectrum disorders (pervasive developmental disorders) ; 2009 [ archived 29 April 2009; cited 23 ????? 2009].
  7. ^ ? ? American Psychiatric Association? ?????? (2013). "Autism Spectrum Disorder, 299.00 (F84.0)". Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition . American Psychiatric Publishing. ?. 50?59.
  8. ^ Weintraub AG. "Autism: Topic Overview". National Institute of Health. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. CDC. 12 May 2013.
  9. ^ Minshawi? Noha? Hurwitz? Sarah? Fodstad? Jill? Biebl? Sara? Morris? Danielle? McDougle? Christopher (????? 2014). "The association between self-injurious behaviors and autism spectrum disorders" . Psychology Research and Behavior Management . ?. 7: 125?36. DOI : 10.2147/PRBM.S44635 . PMC : 3990505 . PMID : 24748827 . {{ ??????? ?????? ????? }} : ????? ?????????: ??? ????? ??? ???? ( link ) .
  10. ^ Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed., text rev.) . Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Association. 2000.
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