한국   대만   중국   일본 
????? ?????? ????? - ????????? ????? ??? ???????

????? ?????? ?????

?? ?????????? ???????? ?????
???? ?? ???????  Sopwith Camel ??? ???????.
???????  Antonov An-2 ??? ???? ????? ??? ????? ????? ????.

??????? ?????? ????? (???????????: Biplane ) ?? ????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????. [1] [2] [3] ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????  ???????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ???????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ???????. ?? ??? ?? ???????? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ???????? ?????? ?????  ????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ????? ????????.

??????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ????????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ???????.

???? ??? [ ??? ]

????? [ ??? ]

  1. ^ Larry Mauro and Bill Lishman ???? ?????? 2017-02-11 ?? Wayback Machine
  2. ^ Terry L., Duran (2007). Barron's Military Flight Aptitude Tests (???????????). Barron's Educational Series. ISBN : 978-0-7641-3517-0 . Archived from the original on 2017-11-07. 151
  3. ^ Chatterjee S, Templin RJ (30 ????? 2007). "Biplane wing planform and flight performance of the feathered dinosaur Microraptor gui" . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA . ?. 104 ?. 5: 1576?80. Bibcode : 2007PNAS..104.1576C . DOI : 10.1073/pnas.0609975104 . PMC : 1780066 . PMID : 17242354 .
أيقونة بذرة

??? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ???????? ????? ???????. ????? ???? ?? ???????.

?????? ?? ≪ https://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=?????_??????_?????&oldid=62146275 ≫