??????? ???? ???????? ???????

????? ??????? ???? ???????? ??????? ??? ??? ????????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ? ???? ???????? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ?????????. ^[1]

???? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ???????? ?? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???????. ????? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ????????? ??????????. ???? ?????? ????? ????????? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????? ???? ?? ????? ???????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? . ????????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ???????? ???????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?????????? ?????. ???? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ????????. ?? ??? ?????? ?????????? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????.

?????? ????? ????? [ ??? ]

???? ???????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ???????. ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? (?? ????? ????????) ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????. ??? ???? ???? ???????? ????????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ????????? ???. ^[2]

??? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?? ??????:

?? ?????? ????? ????? ???????? ????????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ??? ????????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???????.

???? ???? ????? ????????? ??? ???????? ???????? ??????????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????. ^[3] ??? ??? 1947? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? (??? ??? ????? ?????) ???????? ????? ???? ??????? (??? ??? ????? ???????). ^[4] ???? ????? ????? ?????? ???? 1947? ???????? ??? 1949 ??? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? (????? ???????? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????) ????? ?≪???? ?????? ??????≫ ???? ??????. ^[5]^[6] ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????? ???????. ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ??????. ????? ???? ???? ??????? ???????? ????????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???????. ^[7]^[8]^[9]

???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ????????? ?? ??? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ??? ??????. ^[10] ??? ????? ???? ??? ?? ???????? ???????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ???? ???????? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ????????? ???????? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ≪????? ????? ????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ?????≫.

????? ????? ??????? ????? ???? 1973? ??? ??? ???????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ?? 60 ?????? ??? ????? ?? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????. ^[11] ???????? ??? ???? ???? ???????? ????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ????????. ???????? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ^[12]^[13] ??? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ??? 1903 ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? 1983 ^[14] ????? ??? 1989. ^[15]

????? ??? ???????? ???????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ????. ^[16] ??? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????. ?? ??? 1794? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ???? 12 ??? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ? ??? ???? ?? ??? ????????? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ????????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ????????? ???????. ????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ??? ≪????? ?????? ???????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ???????≫? ??? ????? ?? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ???????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ??? 1812. ^[17]

???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ???????????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ????????? 1861-1865? ????? ???????? ????? ??????????? ???????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??. ????? ????????. ^[18] ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ???????? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ????? ???????? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ?? ??????? ??? ???. ???????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ????? ?? ??????????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????. ^[19] ????? ?????? ???? ????? ???????? ???????? ??? ???????? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ???????? ??????????? ????? ????????? ?????? ?? ???? ≪???? ????? ?????? ?????≫. ^[20] ??? ???? ??. ?????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ???????? ????????? ????????? ???????? ??? ?????? ???????? ? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ??????. ^[21] ????? ?????? ??. ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ???????? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ???????? ????. ^[22]

??? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? 1990 ???? ?????? ???? ???? ??? 1991 ??? ???? ??? ???? ????? ?? ???? ????????? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ???????. ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ???????? ???????? ????? ??? ????? ????. ^[23] ???? ????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ??? ????????? ??????? ????? ??????. ?? ????? ????? 11 ?????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? 2003 ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ?? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????????. ??? ???? ??? ??????? ????????????? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ??? ??? ????????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ?????. ^[24]^[25]

???? ????? ???????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????. ^[26] ????? ??? 2011? ??? ???? ???? ???? ???????? ??? ???? ????????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ??????. ??? ??? 2002? ??? ????? ??? ???? ????????? ?? ????????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? (??? ???? ?????? ≪?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????????≫)? ??? ????? ?? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ≪???? ?????≫. ^[8]^[27]

?? 24 ?????? 2002? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ???. ^[28]

??????? [ ??? ]

^ "Annotated Constitution Article II" . Legal Information Institute . Cornell University Law School. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2017-02-02 . ???? ???? ?????? 2017-01-27 .
^ "United States Constitution" . ???? ?????? ???????? . 17 ?????? 1787. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-08-15. To declare War, grant Letters of Marque and Reprisal, and make Rules concerning Captures on Land and Water
^ Matthew Moten, Presidents and Their Generals: An American History of Command in War (2014)
^ King? Archibald (1960) [1949]. Command of the Army (PDF) (reprint). Military Affairs. Charlottesville, Virginia: The Judge Advocate General's School, U.S. Army . ????? ?? ????? (PDF) ?? 2020-08-24.
^ 50 U.S.C. § 401
^ 10 U.S.C. § 113
^ "DOD Releases Unified Command Plan 2011" . ????? ?????? (???????? ???????) . 8 ????? 2011. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2011-05-13 . ???? ???? ?????? 2013-02-25 .
^ ^? ^? 10 U.S.C. § 164
^ ???? ??????? ???????? ^[??????????]. About the Joint Chiefs of Staff . Retrieved February 25, 2013. ???? ?????? 4 ???? 2020 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
^ Ramsey? Michael? Vladeck? Stephen. "Common Interpretation: Commander in Chief Clause" . National Constitution Center Educational Resources (some internal navigation required) . National Constitution Center. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-04-17 . ???? ???? ?????? 2017-05-23 .
^ Christopher? James A.? Baker, III (????? 8, 2008). "The National War Powers Commission Report" . The Miller Center of Public Affairs at the University of Virginia. ????? ?? ????? (PDF) ?? ?????? 26, 2010 . ???? ???? ?????? ?????? 15, 2010 . No clear mechanism or requirement exists today for the president and Congress to consult. The War Powers Resolution of 1973 contains only vague consultation requirements. Instead, it relies on reporting requirements that, if triggered, begin the clock running for Congress to approve the particular armed conflict. By the terms of the Resolution, however, Congress need not act to disapprove the conflict; the cessation of all hostilities is required in 60 to 90 days merely if Congress fails to act. Many have criticized this aspect of the Resolution as unwise and unconstitutional, and no president in the past 35 years has filed a report "pursuant" to these triggering provisions.
^ "The Law: The President's War Powers" . Time . 1 ????? 1970. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2013-08-22 . ???? ???? ?????? 2009-09-28 .
^ Mitchell? Alison (2 ???? 1999). "The World; Only Congress Can Declare War. Really. It's True" . The New York Times . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-05-27 . ???? ???? ?????? 2009-11-08 . Presidents have sent forces abroad more than 100 times; Congress has declared war only five times: the War of 1812, the Mexican War, the Spanish?American War, World War I and World War II.
^ Mitchell? Alison (2 ???? 1999). "The World; Only Congress Can Declare War. Really. It's True" . The New York Times . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-05-27 . ???? ???? ?????? 2009-11-08 . President Reagan told Congress of the invasion of Grenada two hours after he had ordered the landing. He told Congressional leaders of the bombing of Libya while the aircraft were on their way.
^ Gordon? Michael R. (20 ?????? 1990). "U.S. troops move in panama in effort to seize noriega; gunfire is heard in capital" . The New York Times . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2017-07-21 . ???? ???? ?????? 2009-11-08 . It was not clear whether the White House consulted with Congressional leaders about the military action, or notified them in advance. Thomas S. Foley, the Speaker of the House, said on Tuesday night that he had not been alerted by the Administration.
^ Andrew J. Polsky, Elusive Victories: The American Presidency at War (Oxford University Press, 2012) online review ???? ?????? 2020-08-06 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
^ "George Washington and the Evolution of the American Commander in Chief" . The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-02-12.
^ James M. McPherson, Tried by War: Abraham Lincoln As Commander in Chief (2009)
^ John Milton Cooper, Woodrow Wilson: A Biography (2009) ch 18
^ Eric Larrabee, Commander in Chief: Franklin Delano Roosevelt, His Lieutenants, and Their War (2004) ???? ?????? 2018-05-29 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
^ The Awesome Power: Harry S. Truman as Commander in Chief . LSU Press. ???? 1999. ?. 265?269. ISBN : 9780807125151 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-08-24.
^ Larry Berman, Lyndon Johnson's War: The Road to Stalemate in Vietnam (1991)
^ "The Presidency of George H.W. Bush" . University of North Carolina School of Education. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2018-01-31.
^ Accessing the George W. Bush Presidency . Edinburgh University Press. 2009. ?. 261. ISBN : 9780748627417 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-08-24.
^ Presidential Decisions for War . JHU Press. ?????? 2010. ISBN : 9780801895784 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-08-24.
^ CINCLANTFLT navy.mil ???? ?????? 2019-05-11 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
^ "CINC" Is Sunk , American Forces Press Service , 25 October 2002. Retrieved on 2016-05-04. ???? ?????? 2020-08-07 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
^ "Executive Power" . Legal Information Institute (???????????). Cornell University Law School. 6 Aug 2007. Archived from the original on 2020-08-06 . Retrieved 2017-01-27 .

[:1-1] "Annotated Constitution Article II" . Legal Information Institute . Cornell University Law School. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2017-02-02 . ???? ???? ?????? 2017-01-27 .

[USConstArt1Sec8WarPowers-2] "United States Constitution" . ???? ?????? ???????? . 17 ?????? 1787. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-08-15. To declare War, grant Letters of Marque and Reprisal, and make Rules concerning Captures on Land and Water

[3] Matthew Moten, Presidents and Their Generals: An American History of Command in War (2014)

[King-4] King? Archibald (1960) [1949]. Command of the Army (PDF) (reprint). Military Affairs. Charlottesville, Virginia: The Judge Advocate General's School, U.S. Army . ????? ?? ????? (PDF) ?? 2020-08-24.

[5] 50 U.S.C. § 401

[6] 10 U.S.C. § 113

[ucp-7] "DOD Releases Unified Command Plan 2011" . ????? ?????? (???????? ???????) . 8 ????? 2011. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2011-05-13 . ???? ???? ?????? 2013-02-25 .

[UnitedStatesCode|10|164-8] ? ^? 10 U.S.C. § 164

[9] ???? ??????? ???????? ^[??????????]. About the Joint Chiefs of Staff . Retrieved February 25, 2013. ???? ?????? 4 ???? 2020 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .

[10] Ramsey? Michael? Vladeck? Stephen. "Common Interpretation: Commander in Chief Clause" . National Constitution Center Educational Resources (some internal navigation required) . National Constitution Center. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-04-17 . ???? ???? ?????? 2017-05-23 .

[miller-center-11] Christopher? James A.? Baker, III (????? 8, 2008). "The National War Powers Commission Report" . The Miller Center of Public Affairs at the University of Virginia. ????? ?? ????? (PDF) ?? ?????? 26, 2010 . ???? ???? ?????? ?????? 15, 2010 . No clear mechanism or requirement exists today for the president and Congress to consult. The War Powers Resolution of 1973 contains only vague consultation requirements. Instead, it relies on reporting requirements that, if triggered, begin the clock running for Congress to approve the particular armed conflict. By the terms of the Resolution, however, Congress need not act to disapprove the conflict; the cessation of all hostilities is required in 60 to 90 days merely if Congress fails to act. Many have criticized this aspect of the Resolution as unwise and unconstitutional, and no president in the past 35 years has filed a report "pursuant" to these triggering provisions.

[tws12novef-12] "The Law: The President's War Powers" . Time . 1 ????? 1970. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2013-08-22 . ???? ???? ?????? 2009-09-28 .

[tws8nov102-13] Mitchell? Alison (2 ???? 1999). "The World; Only Congress Can Declare War. Really. It's True" . The New York Times . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-05-27 . ???? ???? ?????? 2009-11-08 . Presidents have sent forces abroad more than 100 times; Congress has declared war only five times: the War of 1812, the Mexican War, the Spanish?American War, World War I and World War II.

[tws8nov1012-14] Mitchell? Alison (2 ???? 1999). "The World; Only Congress Can Declare War. Really. It's True" . The New York Times . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-05-27 . ???? ???? ?????? 2009-11-08 . President Reagan told Congress of the invasion of Grenada two hours after he had ordered the landing. He told Congressional leaders of the bombing of Libya while the aircraft were on their way.

[tws8nov100-15] Gordon? Michael R. (20 ?????? 1990). "U.S. troops move in panama in effort to seize noriega; gunfire is heard in capital" . The New York Times . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2017-07-21 . ???? ???? ?????? 2009-11-08 . It was not clear whether the White House consulted with Congressional leaders about the military action, or notified them in advance. Thomas S. Foley, the Speaker of the House, said on Tuesday night that he had not been alerted by the Administration.

[16] Andrew J. Polsky, Elusive Victories: The American Presidency at War (Oxford University Press, 2012) online review ???? ?????? 2020-08-06 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .

[17] "George Washington and the Evolution of the American Commander in Chief" . The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-02-12.

[18] James M. McPherson, Tried by War: Abraham Lincoln As Commander in Chief (2009)

[19] John Milton Cooper, Woodrow Wilson: A Biography (2009) ch 18

[20] Eric Larrabee, Commander in Chief: Franklin Delano Roosevelt, His Lieutenants, and Their War (2004) ???? ?????? 2018-05-29 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .

[21] The Awesome Power: Harry S. Truman as Commander in Chief . LSU Press. ???? 1999. ?. 265?269. ISBN : 9780807125151 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-08-24.

[22] Larry Berman, Lyndon Johnson's War: The Road to Stalemate in Vietnam (1991)

[23] "The Presidency of George H.W. Bush" . University of North Carolina School of Education. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2018-01-31.

[24] Accessing the George W. Bush Presidency . Edinburgh University Press. 2009. ?. 261. ISBN : 9780748627417 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-08-24.

[25] Presidential Decisions for War . JHU Press. ?????? 2010. ISBN : 9780801895784 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-08-24.

[26] CINCLANTFLT navy.mil ???? ?????? 2019-05-11 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .

[27] "CINC" Is Sunk , American Forces Press Service , 25 October 2002. Retrieved on 2016-05-04. ???? ?????? 2020-08-07 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .

[:0-28] "Executive Power" . Legal Information Institute (???????????). Cornell University Law School. 6 Aug 2007. Archived from the original on 2020-08-06 . Retrieved 2017-01-27 .

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