???? ?????

???? ?????
??????? ?????
???????	17 ????? 1917 ; ?????
??????	8 ?????? 1995 (78 ???) ; ????
??????	??????
?????? ???????
??????	???? ? ????? ? ????? ? ????? ? ??????
???? ??	??????? ?????????? ? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?????????? ? ?????? ?????
	????? ????? - ?????

???? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? (17 ??/ ????? 1917 - 8 ?????/ ?????? 1995 ) ^[1]^[2] ?? ????? ????????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ? ?????? ???????? ??? ???????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???????????? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? (?????? ??????). ??? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ????????? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ???????? ????????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? . ^[3]

???? ?? ?????? ????? ???????? ??? ??????? ????????????? ≪????? ???????≫ ?? ??? ?????? ????????? ????????? ?? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????????. ???? ??? ???????? ????? ????????? ????? ???????? ?????? ???? ???????? ????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??????????? ?? ?????? ????????. ?????? ????? (??? ????) ????? ??????. ????? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ?? ????????.

??? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ?????? 4 ?????. ????? ?? ?? ???? ??? 1995 ???? ?? ??????? ?.??? ????? (?????) ??.???? ?????? ??????? ?.????? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????. ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ???????? ?????????? ?? ????????? ????? ???? ≪??? ??? ???≫. ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????.

???? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ?? ???????? ??????? ?? ???????? ???????? ???????? ?????????.

??????? ??????? [ ??? ]

??? ????? ?? ?????? ? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?????. ^[4] ????? ?????? ?? ?????? . ??? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ?? ????? ???????? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ???????? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ??????.

?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? . ^[4]^[5]^[6] ???? ????? ??? ???? ?? ??? 1935 ??? ???? ???????? ^[7] ??? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ???????? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? . ??? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ?????.

???? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ??? ?????. ????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ??? ???????? ???????? ?????? ???? ???????? ?? ??? ???????. ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ??? 1941? ????? ??? ???? 24 ?????. ??? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ???????? ??????? ?? ???? ???????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ???? . ???? ???? ?????? (1945-1950) ??? ??? ???? ????????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? 1947. ^[7] ?? ??? 1951 ??? ??????? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ????? . ??? ??? ???? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????????? . ^[4]

?? ??? 1959? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?????? (1922-1998)? ??? ?? ????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?? ??????. ^[8] ??? ????? ???????? ?????? ?? ???????? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ??? ?????. ????? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ?? ???????? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ??????. ^[9] ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????. ^[4]

???? ??? ????? ?? ???????? ????????? ?????????? ??????? ?? ????? ????????. ??? ??????? ????????? ????? ???????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??? 1957? ???????? ????????? ?? ??? ?????. ??? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ???????? ??????? ??????????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ??????. ???????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ???????. ^[10] ?? ??????? ??? 1972 ???? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ?????????-?????? ????????? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?? ???????. ??? ?? ??? ???? ????? ????????? ????????? ???????. ????? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ???????? ????? ?????. ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ?? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ????????? ???????. ^[4]

????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ≪???????≫ ?? ???????? ??? ???????? ?? ??? ??????. ?? ??? 1958 ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????. ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ???? ?????. ??? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ???????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ≪?? ?? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ???????? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ????≫. ^[4] ???? ???? ???? ???? ? ??? ????? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ???????? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ?????????. ?? ???? ??? ????????? ???? ????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ≪?????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ???? ????≫.

????? ??? ?????? ???????. ??? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ?????. ^[11] ???????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?? ??????? ???????. ??? ??? ????? ??????? ?????????? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ???????. ??? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ???????. ??? ??? ???? ???? ????????? ?????????. ^[4]

??????? ?????? [ ??? ]

??? ????? ?? ????? ≪??????? ??????≫ ???? ???? ???? ??? ?? 1961 ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ??? ???????? ?? ???? "The Islamic Review" ???? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ???????? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????????? ????????? ???? ???? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ????? ???????.

??? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????????? "????? ??? ???? ???????? ???????? ?????? (1876-1939)" ?≪????????? ?????? ???????-??? (1855-1935)≫ ???? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ???????? ?? 1913 ???? "???? ???? ???????"? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ???? "( ??????????? : A Western Awakening to Islam )? - ???? ????? ??? ??????? (1914)" ????? "( ??????????? : Three Great Prophets of the World )? - ????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? (1923). ^[12]

??? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ??? 1935 ≪?????? ??????≫ ????????? ???????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? "( ??????????? : Beyond the Brim and Bazaar of Dreams )?" ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ???????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ??? ???????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????. ^[13]

???? ????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ??? ???????? ????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ???? ??? ??????? ? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? "( ??????????? : History of the Saracens 1712-18 )? - ????? ???????? 1712-18″.

????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ^[14] ??? ??? ?????? ???????? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ≪ ???????? ≫ ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? (1783)? ??? ??? ????? ???? ???? ≪??? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ???????≫. ^[13]

??? ???? ?? ?????? [ ??? ]

??? ????? ?????? ≪??? ???? ?? ??????≫ ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ≪???? ????≫? ???? ???? ????????? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ?? ???????? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ??? ??????. ^[15]

??????? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ????????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????????. ^[15]^[16]

??? ??? ??? ???? ??????? [ ??? ]

????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ^[17] ??? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ????????? ????????? ????????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?? ???? ??? ???.

??? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ????????? ???? ?????? ??? ???????? ???????? ????? ??? ?? ≪??? ??? ??? ≫ ??? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ???????? ^[17]^[18] ??? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????? ? ????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ≪?? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ????????≫. ^[17]^[18]

???? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ??? ?? ≪?????≫ ?? ??? ???? ??? ????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ???? ≪??? ????? ?????≫ ????? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ≪???? ?? ?????≫? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ???????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ???????. ^[17]^[18]

???????? [ ??? ]

?????? ????? ? ????? ?????? ?????? (?????) ? ?????? 34 : ? 3? 4.
????? ????? ??????? / ??????. ?. ?????? ????? ??????
????? ??? ?????? ? ???? ≪???????≫? ????? 1960.
????? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????
?? ??????? ?????? ????????
?? ??????? (1691)
??? ???????? ?? ???? ???????? ?????? (????)
??? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? (????)
??????? ?????? ????? ????? (????)
??????? ??????: ??????? ????? ???????? ?? ???????? ????????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???????? (????)
????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? (????? ??? ????? - ????? - ????? 1975 - ?? ????? ????? - ?????? ?????? ??????? ????????) (????)
??????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? (????)
????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????? (????)
??? ???? ???? ???? ???????? ?? ??????? (????)
????? ???? - ??????? ???? ?????? ???????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ????? (????)

???? ??? [ ??? ]

??????? [ ??? ]

^ ?????? - ????? ????? ?? ?????? ????????: ?. ???? ????? ???? ???? ???? mohamadmahdi_bayat?????? ???????? ??????? ???? ??? ??????????? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ???? (???? ???)
^ ???? (01 ????? 1999). ????? ??????? . IslamKotob. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-12-15 . ???? ???? ?????? 2021-09-30 . {{ ??????? ????? }}: |????= ?????? ( ?????? )
^ ???? ????? ???? (01 ????? 2003). ???? ??????? 1-7 ?? ????? ??????? ??? ??? 2002? ?3 . Dar Al Kotob Al Ilmiyah ??? ????? ???????. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-07-21 . ???? ???? ?????? 2021-09-30 .
^ ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? Professor Safa Khulusi, Obituary, The Independent , 5 October 1995.
^ Safa Khulusi. Abdul-Maj?d Lu?f?'s Rejuvenation of Words. Journal of Arabic Literature Vol. 11, (1980), pp. 65?67
^ Safa Khulusi, Modern Arabic Literature in Iraq, Islamic Review , February 1951, p.35-40
^ ^? ^? Safa Khulusi, Interview in the literary section of Al-Jazirah , p.7, edition 7764, 13 December 1993.
^ Sabiha Al-Dabbagh, Obituary, The Guardian , Friday, 11 September 1998.
^ Swinscow? D.? Smith? T. (1998). "Martin Ware · Sabiha Al-Dabbagh · Francis William Blacklay · John Antony Boucher · John Halliday Garson · Kenneth Michael Hay · Ronald Sherrington Ogborn · Susan Marion Wood". BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.) . ?. 317 ?. 7168: 1323. DOI : 10.1136/bmj.317.7168.1323 . PMID : 9804739 . {{ ??????? ?????? ????? }}: ?????? ??? ??????? |PMCID= ?? ?????? ????? ??????? |pmc= ( ?????? )
^ Salih Altoma, Iraq's Modern Arab Literature: A Guide to English Translations Since 1950 , Scarecrow Press, 2010, p.97
^ Yitzhak Nakash, The Shi'is of Iraq, Princeton University Press, 2003 p.262.
^ "Since arriving at an age of discretion, the beauty and the simple purity of Islam have always appealed to me..." Sir 'Abdullah' Archibald Hamilton, 5th and 3rd Baronet The People , 13 January 1924.
^ ^? ^? ^? Safa Khulusi, Islam Our Choice, with edited extracts from submissions to Islamic Review, 1913?1960 (including those from Donald Rockwell, 1935 and Ruth Gaevernitz, 1949) for The Woking Muslim Mission, printed by AA Verstage ltd. (1961)
^ ??????? ???????? . The Enlightenment: Voltaire to Kant . 2003. p. 146.
^ ^? ^? Orit Bashkin, The other Iraq: pluralism and culture in Hashemite Iraq, Stanford University Press, 2009 pp.167?168
^ Joyce Moss, Middle Eastern literatures and their times, Thomson Gale, 2004 p.140.
^ ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? Safa Khulusi, Elaboration on the Diwan of Abi't-Tayyib al-Mutanabbi, and the Commentary of Ibn Jinni , National Press, Baghdad, 1969.
^ ^? ^? ^? Safa A. Khulusi, Ibn Jinni's Commentary on Mutanabbi's Poetry Islamic Review , Jan 1971, p.28-33

????? ?????? [ ??? ]

???? ????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? .

?? ????? ??? ?????? ??: ???? ?????

[1] ?????? - ????? ????? ?? ?????? ????????: ?. ???? ????? ???? ???? ???? mohamadmahdi_bayat?????? ???????? ??????? ???? ??? ??????????? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ???? (???? ???)

[2] ???? (01 ????? 1999). ????? ??????? . IslamKotob. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-12-15 . ???? ???? ?????? 2021-09-30 . {{ ??????? ????? }}: |????= ?????? ( ?????? )

[3] ???? ????? ???? (01 ????? 2003). ???? ??????? 1-7 ?? ????? ??????? ??? ??? 2002? ?3 . Dar Al Kotob Al Ilmiyah ??? ????? ???????. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-07-21 . ???? ???? ?????? 2021-09-30 .

[ind-4] ? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? Professor Safa Khulusi, Obituary, The Independent , 5 October 1995.

[juv-5] Safa Khulusi. Abdul-Maj?d Lu?f?'s Rejuvenation of Words. Journal of Arabic Literature Vol. 11, (1980), pp. 65?67

[mal-6] Safa Khulusi, Modern Arabic Literature in Iraq, Islamic Review , February 1951, p.35-40

[jaz-7] ? ^? Safa Khulusi, Interview in the literary section of Al-Jazirah , p.7, edition 7764, 13 December 1993.

[gua-8] Sabiha Al-Dabbagh, Obituary, The Guardian , Friday, 11 September 1998.

[9] Swinscow? D.? Smith? T. (1998). "Martin Ware · Sabiha Al-Dabbagh · Francis William Blacklay · John Antony Boucher · John Halliday Garson · Kenneth Michael Hay · Ronald Sherrington Ogborn · Susan Marion Wood". BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.) . ?. 317 ?. 7168: 1323. DOI : 10.1136/bmj.317.7168.1323 . PMID : 9804739 . {{ ??????? ?????? ????? }}: ?????? ??? ??????? |PMCID= ?? ?????? ????? ??????? |pmc= ( ?????? )

[10] Salih Altoma, Iraq's Modern Arab Literature: A Guide to English Translations Since 1950 , Scarecrow Press, 2010, p.97

[11] Yitzhak Nakash, The Shi'is of Iraq, Princeton University Press, 2003 p.262.

[12] "Since arriving at an age of discretion, the beauty and the simple purity of Islam have always appealed to me..." Sir 'Abdullah' Archibald Hamilton, 5th and 3rd Baronet The People , 13 January 1924.

[ioc-13] ? ^? ^? Safa Khulusi, Islam Our Choice, with edited extracts from submissions to Islamic Review, 1913?1960 (including those from Donald Rockwell, 1935 and Ruth Gaevernitz, 1949) for The Woking Muslim Mission, printed by AA Verstage ltd. (1961)

[14] ??????? ???????? . The Enlightenment: Voltaire to Kant . 2003. p. 146.

[orit-15] ? ^? Orit Bashkin, The other Iraq: pluralism and culture in Hashemite Iraq, Stanford University Press, 2009 pp.167?168

[16] Joyce Moss, Middle Eastern literatures and their times, Thomson Gale, 2004 p.140.

[mut-17] ? ^? ^? ^? ^? Safa Khulusi, Elaboration on the Diwan of Abi't-Tayyib al-Mutanabbi, and the Commentary of Ibn Jinni , National Press, Baghdad, 1969.

[ibn-18] ? ^? ^? Safa A. Khulusi, Ibn Jinni's Commentary on Mutanabbi's Poetry Islamic Review , Jan 1971, p.28-33

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