???????? ???????

???????? ???????
( ?????????? : Lucius Septimius Severus Pius Pertinax Augustus Arabicus Adiabenicus )?? ?( ?????????? : Lucius Septimius Severus )?
??????? ?????
??? ???????	( ?????????? : Lucius Septimius Severus )?
???????	11 ????? 146 ; ???? ??????
??????	4 ?????? , 211 ; ???????
??? ??????	4 ?????? 211 (64 ???)
???? ?????	???? ???? ?????
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	?? ?????? ; 9 ????? 193 ? 4 ?????? 211
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	?? ?????? ; 194 ? 194
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	????? ????? - ?????

?????????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ( ??????????? : Lucius Septimius Severus )? ?? ≪?????? ?????≫? ??? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?????? . ^[3] ( 11 ????? 145 - 4 ?????? 211 )? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ???????? (193-211) ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? (???? ??? ??? ????? ??????) ???? ??? ??? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ????????? ? ?? ??? 193 ???? ????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ???????? ??????. ^[4]

???? ?? ??? ??????? ???????? ??? ??? ???????? ?????? ???????? ???????? . ???? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ?????????? ???????? .

????? [ ??? ]

??? ?? 11 ????? ?? ??? 145 ?????? ???? ?????? ( ?????? ???????). ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ? ????? ???? ?? ???? ????????? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ?????? - ????? ??????? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ???????? ??????? ^[5]^[6] ^[7]^[8]^[9]^[10]^[11]? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ????≪ ????? ≫ ???????. ^[12]^[13] ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ????????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ? ???? ????? ??? ???? ????? ????????? ^[4]^[14] ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ????????? ?????????? ?????? ??? ???????? ????? ??????. ??? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ? ?? ????? ????????? ?? ???? . ?? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ??? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ?????????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? (??? ???????) ?? ???? ?????? ?????. ???? ??? 173 ???? ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ???? ?? ?????????? ( ?????? ???????? ).

?????? [ ??? ]

?? ??? 175 ???? ?? ≪????? ????????≫ ???????? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ?????. ^[15] ????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????? 186. ^[16] ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ??? ?? ????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? (????? ???????) ^[14] ?????? ??????? ?????? . ????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ????? ??? ??? 187 ????? Historia Augusta ??? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ???????? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ≪????≫ ??? ????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ????????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ?? ???. ???????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ?? 187. ^[17]^[18] ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? (????? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ????? 188) ???????? ??????? ???? (??? ?? 7 ???? 189).

?????? ????????? [ ??? ]

???????????? ????????? ?? ??? ??????? ??????? ? ???? ???? ??? ??? ?? ???? 210

????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ????????? ?? (???????)? ??? ??? ????? ??? ????? ??????????? (?????????) ???????? ?? ?????????? (???????) ???????? ?? 28 ???? 193 ? ????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ???? ???? (12000) ?????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ???????? ???? ?? ????? 193 ?????? ???????? ????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ???????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ≪ ????????? ≫.

?? ????? ??????? ????????? ????? ?? 9 ????? 193 ? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ???????? ??? ?????????? ??????? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ???????? ???? ???? ???? ???????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ?? ?????????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ????????? ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ?????????? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ??????????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ???????? ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ? ???? ???? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?????????? ???? ??? ??? ???????????? ????????? ??? ??? ????? ???????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ???????? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ???????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ??? ??? ???????? 50 ??? ???? ????? ????? ???? ????? ??????????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ????.

????? ??????? [ ??? ]

??? ?? ??? ??? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ???????? ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???????????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?????? 193 ? ??? ?? ????? ????? 194 ??? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ( ????? ) ??? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ????. ??? ?? ?????? ???? ????????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ????????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ???.

?????? [ ??? ]

??? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ???????? ???? ??????? ??? ???????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ??????. ???? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??? ?? ???????? ??? ??? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ??????????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ???????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ????? ????????? ???.

??? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ???????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ????????????? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? (????) ??????? ??? (??????) ??? (???? ???????) ???? ????????????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ???????????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ( ???????? ) ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? .

??? ????? ?? ???????? ? ?? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ????????.

??????? ????? ???? [ ??? ]

???? ????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ??????????? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ???????? ??????????. ???? ????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ???????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????????. ????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? . ??? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ????????? ???? ?? ??????? ????????. ????? ????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ???????

?????? ????? ?? [ ??? ]

??? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? .

??? ??????? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ?? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ???????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ( ??????? ) ?????? ??? ???????????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ( ???????? ). ????? ????? ??? ??? ( ???? ) ??? 211 ? ??? ??? ???? ?? ?????. ??? ??? ???? ?????? ???????: " ??? ??? ?? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?? ???? ??? ????? ??? ?????? (?????? ??? ?????? ???????????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????).

???? ????? [ ??? ]

???????? ??????? ?? ???????? ??????? :

??? ?????? ????? ?? ?????.

????? ?????? [ ??? ]

???????? ??????? ??? ???? Encyclopædia Britannica Online (??????????)
???????? ??????? ??? ???? NNDB people (??????????)

??????? [ ??? ]

^ Max Fluß (1923). "Severus 13". Kategorie:RE:Band II A,2 (??????????). QID : Q34404535 .
^ Ив. Гр. (1904). "Юлии сирийские". Энциклопедический словарь Брокгауза и Ефрона. Том XLI, 1904 (????????). XLI : 344?346. QID : Q24512640 .
^ ?? ????????? ?????????? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? LVCIVS SEPTIMIVS SEVERVS AVGVSTVS.
^ ^? ^? Birley (1999), p. 113.
^ Richard F.; Studies, American University (Washington, D. C. ) Foreign Area (1973). Area Handbook for Libya (???????????). U.S. Government Printing Office. Archived from the original on 2020-08-08. {{ ??????? ????? }}: ????? ?????????: ????? ??????: ????? ???????? ( link ) ? 15
^ ?????? (1 ????? 2017). ?????? ?????? ???? ???? . Al Manhal. ISBN : 9796500328706 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-03-31. ?6
^ ????? ????? , The Severans , Routlegde, 1996, ?. 7 .
^ ≪ Dynastie berbere de Cyrenaique ≫, ?????? ????? ^{[???? ????]}‏, Histoire de l'Afrique des origines a nos jours , Ellipses Marketing, 2009, ?. 108 .
^ Asante? Molefi Kete? Ismail? Shaza (2010). "Rediscovering the "Lost Roman Caesar: Septimius Severus the African and Eurocentric Historiography" . Journal of Black Studies . ?. 40 ?. 4: 606?618. ISSN : 0021-9347 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-12-30.
^ ????? (1995). ???? ??? ??? ?????: ????? ?????? ????? . ??? ????????. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-08-08.
^ Philip (1881). The History of the Christian Church ... (???????????). John Murray. Archived from the original on 2021-07-29.
^ Marcel Le Glay, Yann Le Bohec, Jean-Louis Voisin, Histoire romaine , P.U.F. , 1991 (reedition 2008).
^ Birley (1999), pp. 212?213.
^ ^? ^? Birley (1999), p. 125.
^ Birley (1999), p. 52.
^ Birley (1999), p. 75.
^ Birley (1999), p. 71.
^ Birley (1999), pp. 76?77.

[wikidata-8466882473ae4537590abe1c4db9b6ebcb6f1a69-1] Max Fluß (1923). "Severus 13". Kategorie:RE:Band II A,2 (??????????). QID : Q34404535 .

[wikidata-7701301427b9d2bce4aee6fde5d505420653adc4-2] Ив. Гр. (1904). "Юлии сирийские". Энциклопедический словарь Брокгауза и Ефрона. Том XLI, 1904 (????????). XLI : 344?346. QID : Q24512640 .

[3] ?? ????????? ?????????? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? LVCIVS SEPTIMIVS SEVERVS AVGVSTVS.

[Birley_1999,_p._113-4] ? ^? Birley (1999), p. 113.

[5] Richard F.; Studies, American University (Washington, D. C. ) Foreign Area (1973). Area Handbook for Libya (???????????). U.S. Government Printing Office. Archived from the original on 2020-08-08. {{ ??????? ????? }}: ????? ?????????: ????? ??????: ????? ???????? ( link ) ? 15

[:0-6] ?????? (1 ????? 2017). ?????? ?????? ???? ???? . Al Manhal. ISBN : 9796500328706 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-03-31. ?6

[7] ????? ????? , The Severans , Routlegde, 1996, ?. 7 .

[8] ≪ Dynastie berbere de Cyrenaique ≫, ?????? ????? ^{[???? ????]}‏, Histoire de l'Afrique des origines a nos jours , Ellipses Marketing, 2009, ?. 108 .

[Ref1-9] Asante? Molefi Kete? Ismail? Shaza (2010). "Rediscovering the "Lost Roman Caesar: Septimius Severus the African and Eurocentric Historiography" . Journal of Black Studies . ?. 40 ?. 4: 606?618. ISSN : 0021-9347 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-12-30.

[10] ????? (1995). ???? ??? ??? ?????: ????? ?????? ????? . ??? ????????. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-08-08.

[11] Philip (1881). The History of the Christian Church ... (???????????). John Murray. Archived from the original on 2021-07-29.

[Le_Glay-12] Marcel Le Glay, Yann Le Bohec, Jean-Louis Voisin, Histoire romaine , P.U.F. , 1991 (reedition 2008).

[Birley_1999,_pp._212–213-13] Birley (1999), pp. 212?213.

[Birley_1999,_p._125-14] ? ^? Birley (1999), p. 125.

[birley-52-15] Birley (1999), p. 52.

[مولد_تلقائيا1-16] Birley (1999), p. 75.

[birley-17] Birley (1999), p. 71.

[مولد_تلقائيا2-18] Birley (1999), pp. 76?77.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

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[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

? ? ? ?????? ??????? ???????????
??? ??????? 27 ? ? ? 235 ?	????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ???????? ????? ???????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???? ???????? ?? ??????????? ??? ??? ??????? ???????
???? ????? ?????? 235?284	?????????? ????? ??????? ????? ? ??????? ?????? ??????? ? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????? ????????? ????????? ??????????? ????? ?? ?????????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ?? ????????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????
??? ??????? 284?395	??????????? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ???????? Severus ???????? Maximinus Daia ???????? ?? Valerius Valens ?Martinianus ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ?? Vetranio ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ????????? ?????
???????????? ????????? ??????? 395?480	???????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? Joannes ?????????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????????? Glycerius ?????? ????? ??????? ?????????
???????????? ????????? 395?1204	???????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????????? ?????????? ????? ????? ????? ???????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ????????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? Zoe ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ????? ???????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????
?????????? ????? 1204?1261	??????? ???????? ?????? ????? ???????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????? ????????
???????????? ????????? 1261?1453	??????? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ??????????? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???