????? ?????

????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????????? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? (???? ???? ?? ??????) ????? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ^[1] ?????? ????????? ??? ??????? ??????? ????????? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????????????? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ????????? ????? ???????? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ??? 18 ??? ^[2]

??????? [ ??? ]

????? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ?? ????? ? ?? ????????? ???? ?? 15 ???? ? 16 ???? ?? ??? 1991? ? ??? ???? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ?????????.

????? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? 2001 ? ?????? ???? ???? ????????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? 6 ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ??????.

???? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? 2012 - 2014 ?. ^[3]

????? [ ??? ]

???? ???? [ ??? ]

??? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ( 1978 - 2012 ) ?? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ???????? ? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??? ??????? ???????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? (?? ??? ??????) ???? ??????? ????????. ^[4]

????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ≪?? ????????≫ ?? ≪????????≫? ????? ≪?????? ????????≫ ????????? ?? ???????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ≪???????≫ ??? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ???????. ^[4]

???? ????? ???? ?? ????? ? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ≪ ???? ????? ≫ ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? 2013 ? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ????????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????? ??? ???????? ?? ??????? ???????? ???? ?? ?? ??????? ???????? ????????? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????. ^[4]

??????? [ ??? ]

?????? ????????? [ ??? ]

????? ?????? ??? ???????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ???????? ??????? ?? 12 ?????? 1012 ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ?????????? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ^[5]^[6]

??????	?????	?????	???
??????	??? ??? ????? ????	??????? ?????? ?????	23 ?????? 2011
???? ???????	???? ???????	?????	7 ?????? 2011

??? ?? ???? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ??? 1978 ? ???? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? . ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ??? 1990 ? ??? ??? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????. ???? ?????? ??????? ??? 1990 ? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ???????? ????? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? 1994 . ???? ???????? ??? 1994 ? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????? ??????? ??????. ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ???????? ??? 1997 ??????????? ??????? ??? 2003 ? ?? ??? ????? ????? ????? ????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ?? ??? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????? ????? ??????. ^[7]

?????? ????????? [ ??? ]

???? ?????? ???? ??????? ????????? ??? ???? ?? 301 ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ?????????? . ?? ???? 1997 ??? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ???????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ???????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? 133 ???? ^[8]

?? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ? ??? ???? ????? ???? ???????? ??????????? ≪??? ??????? ???????≫ ?? ???????. ???? ????????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??? ?????? ??????? . ???? ??? ????? ????? ?????????? ??? ≪???? ?????≫ ? ≪????? ??????≫? ?? ?? ????????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??????. ??? ?????????? ?????????? ??? 1993 ? 1997 ?2003 ?? ???? ????? ???? 73% (??? ?????? ????) ??? 2003 ? ????? ?????? ??? 65% ?? ?????????? ???????? ??? 2006 .

???? ??? ?????? ???? ???????? ??????? ?????? ????? ? ??? 301 ?????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ???????. ??? ?? ??? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ≪?????????≫? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ??? ????????. ?? ????? ?????????? ?????????? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????/????? ??? 2009 ????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ≪?????? ????????≫? ???? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ?? ??? ????????. ^[9]

?????? ???????? [ ??? ]

??? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ^[10] ???? ??? ?????? ??? ???????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ??????. ??? ???? ?? ?????? ??????????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ^[11] ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ???????: ^[11]

??????? ??????????
????? ?????????
??????? ??????

?? ???? ???? ???????? ????? ????????? ????? ???? ??? ???????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ???????

??????? ???????? [ ??? ]

???????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ????????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ????? ????? ????.

???????? ???????? [ ??? ]

???? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ^[12] ?????? ????? ????????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ????????? ???????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ^[13]

??? ???? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???? ???????? ???? ??? ??? 1934 ????? ???????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? 1972 -73 , 79 ? 80 ???? ???????? ??????.
???? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???.

? ?? ??? 1973 ????? ??? ????? ????? ? ??? ???? ????????? ?? ????? ???????? ????????? ? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????? ???????? ???? ?????:≪???????? ???? ?????? ?? ??????≫ ^[14]

? ???? ??? ???????? ???????? ? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ???????? ????? ????? ???????? ????? ??? ??????? ????????? ?? ???? ??? 5% ^[15] ????? ????? 21% ?????? 12.1% ^[15] ???? ??? 33 ??? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ???????? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ???????? ????????? ????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ^[16] ???? ????????? ??????? ???????? ???? ???? 100 ????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ^[17] ???? ???? ??? ???? ?? ???????? ?? ???????? ??? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ???? ???? ^[18] ??? ????? ??? ??? ?? ?????????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ???? ????????????? ( ??????????? : The Jamestown Foundation )?. ????? ???????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ???????? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ???? ???? ????????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ????????? ????? 600 ????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ????????. ????? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ??? 1990 ^[19] ????? ???????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? ???? ????????? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ????????.

????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ???????? ^[20]^[21]

?????? ????? ?? ???????? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ??????? ??? ???????? 11 ?????? 2001 ^[22] ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? . ?????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ^[23] ????? ??????? ????????? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ??????? ????? ^[24] ???? ??????? ????????? ??? ???? ????? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? 1962 ^[25] ????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????? ??? ???????? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ^[26] ??? ???????? ???????? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ??? ???????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ^[27]^[28]

????????? ???????? [ ??? ]

??????? ????? ???????? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ( ?????? - ?????? )? ????? ??? ????????? ??? (20) ?????? ???????? ??? ????? ??????? ( ??????? ????? )? ?????? ???????? ?? ??? ?? ?????????? ????? ??? ????????? ?? ????????? (333) ??????.

???? ???? [ ??? ]

????? [ ??? ]

^ Freedom in the World ? Yemen (2007). Freedomhouse.org. ????? ?????? 17 October 2010.
^ [1] CIA World Facts book ???? ?????? 2018-01-17 ?? Wayback Machine ^{[
???? ??????
]}
^ Ahmed Al-Haj Yemen leader proposes drawing up new constitution , Associated Press, March 10, 2011 ???? ?????? 2011-03-12 ?? Wayback Machine
^ ^? ^? ^? ???????? ??? ???????? ?? ????? "????? ?????? ???? ????????" ???? ??????? ???????? ? ????? ???????? ??????? 3 ? ????? 2012
^ Yemen's vice-president calls snap elections". Al Jazeera English. Al Jazeera. 2011-11-26. Retrieved 2011-11-26.
^ "Houthis call for boycotting early Yemeni presidential elections", Yemen Post, February 11, 2012
^ ?????? ????????? ???? ?????? 2014-09-05 ?? Wayback Machine
^ [2] Yemen's Consultative Council, 2001 ^{[
???? ??????
]} ???? ?????? 2016-03-06 ?? Wayback Machine
^ ?????? ????????? ???? ?????? 2014-09-05 ?? Wayback Machine
^ [3] ????? ????? ???? ????????????? ????? ?????? ????????? ???? ?????? 2017-07-22 ?? Wayback Machine
^ ^? ^? [4] Arab Judicial Structures A Study Presented To The United Nations Development Program by Nathan J. Brown ^{[
???? ??????
]} ???? ?????? 2012-04-27 ?? Wayback Machine
^ Long, David E.; Reich, Bernard (1995). The government and politics of the Middle East and North Africa. Westview Press (3rd edition). p. 153. ISBN 978-0-8133-2125-7 .
^ Saudi-Yemeni Relations: Domestic Structures and Foreign 4 Influence By F. Gregory Gause p. ??????? ???. ??????? ???????? ???????: ??????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?4. ????? ????? ????????
^ [Revolution and Foreign Policy: The Case of South Yemen, 1967-1987 By Fred Halliday p.160 - ?????? ???????? ????????: ???? ????? ???????? 1967-1987 ?????? ???? ??????? ???? 160]
^ ^? ^? [5] |YEMEN.EU BILATERAL TRADE AND TRADE WITH THE WORLD.p5 ???? ?????? 2009-10-15 ?? Wayback Machine ^{[
???? ??????
]}
^ Joseph E. Khalili, "Sino-Arab Relations", Asian Survey, Vol. 8, No. 8 (Aug., 1968), pp. 678-690
^ ??????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ? 148 ????? ????? ???????? Saudi-Yemeni Relations: Domestic Structures and Foreign Influence By F. Gregory Gause.p 148. Columbia University Press
^ The Unseen Hand: Saudi Arabian Involvement in Yemen. Jamestown Foundation [tt_news ???? ??????] 2010-05-14 ?? Wayback Machine
^ Aljazeera English ???? ?????? 2017-06-14 ?? Wayback Machine
^ Oman and Yemen:Good News From the Arabian PeninsulaBy Philip Bowring Published: May 14, 1993 ???? ?????? 2016-10-09 ?? Wayback Machine
^ [6] |The Unseen Hand: Saudi Arabian Involvement in Yemen.Publication: Terrorism Monitor Volume: 9 Issue: 12March 24, 2011. Michael Horton "???? ??????" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2012-08-08 . ???? ???? ?????? 2019-09-05 . {{ ??????? ??? }}: ????? ?????????: BOT: original URL status unknown ( link )
^ Sharp, Jeremy M. Yemen: Background and U.S. Relations (RL34170, PDF). Congressional Research Service (January 22, 2009)
^ [7] |Hadi to arrive in Doha Thursday ???? ?????? 2017-03-02 ?? Wayback Machine
^ Saudi-Yemeni Relations: Domestic Structures and Foreign Influence By F. Gregory Gause p.3 ??????? ???. ??????? ???????? ???????: ??????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?3. ?????????? ????????
^ relations across the history ???? ?????? 2016-03-13 ?? Wayback Machine
^ [8] |CIA world factsbook ???? ?????? 2018-01-29 ?? Wayback Machine
^ Yemen: population still suffering effects of fighting ^{[
???? ??????
]} ???? ?????? 2020-04-27 ?? Wayback Machine
^ Demand, Stockpiles, and Social Controls: Small Arms in Yemen Derek B. Miller p.4 - ?????? ??????????? ???????? ??????????: ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????. ???? ???? 4

????? ?????? [ ??? ]

?? ????? ??? ?????? ??: ????? ?????

[1] Freedom in the World ? Yemen (2007). Freedomhouse.org. ????? ?????? 17 October 2010.

[2] [1] CIA World Facts book ???? ?????? 2018-01-17 ?? Wayback Machine ^{[
???? ??????
]}

[3] Ahmed Al-Haj Yemen leader proposes drawing up new constitution , Associated Press, March 10, 2011 ???? ?????? 2011-03-12 ?? Wayback Machine

[ReferenceA-4] ? ^? ^? ???????? ??? ???????? ?? ????? "????? ?????? ???? ????????" ???? ??????? ???????? ? ????? ???????? ??????? 3 ? ????? 2012

[5] Yemen's vice-president calls snap elections". Al Jazeera English. Al Jazeera. 2011-11-26. Retrieved 2011-11-26.

[6] "Houthis call for boycotting early Yemeni presidential elections", Yemen Post, February 11, 2012

[7] ?????? ????????? ???? ?????? 2014-09-05 ?? Wayback Machine

[8] [2] Yemen's Consultative Council, 2001 ^{[
???? ??????
]} ???? ?????? 2016-03-06 ?? Wayback Machine

[9] ?????? ????????? ???? ?????? 2014-09-05 ?? Wayback Machine

[10] [3] ????? ????? ???? ????????????? ????? ?????? ????????? ???? ?????? 2017-07-22 ?? Wayback Machine

[undp-pogar.org-11] ? ^? [4] Arab Judicial Structures A Study Presented To The United Nations Development Program by Nathan J. Brown ^{[
???? ??????
]} ???? ?????? 2012-04-27 ?? Wayback Machine

[12] Long, David E.; Reich, Bernard (1995). The government and politics of the Middle East and North Africa. Westview Press (3rd edition). p. 153. ISBN 978-0-8133-2125-7 .

[13] Saudi-Yemeni Relations: Domestic Structures and Foreign 4 Influence By F. Gregory Gause p. ??????? ???. ??????? ???????? ???????: ??????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?4. ????? ????? ????????

[14] [Revolution and Foreign Policy: The Case of South Yemen, 1967-1987 By Fred Halliday p.160 - ?????? ???????? ????????: ???? ????? ???????? 1967-1987 ?????? ???? ??????? ???? 160]

[trade.ec.europa.eu-15] ? ^? [5] |YEMEN.EU BILATERAL TRADE AND TRADE WITH THE WORLD.p5 ???? ?????? 2009-10-15 ?? Wayback Machine ^{[
???? ??????
]}

[16] Joseph E. Khalili, "Sino-Arab Relations", Asian Survey, Vol. 8, No. 8 (Aug., 1968), pp. 678-690

[17] ??????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ? 148 ????? ????? ???????? Saudi-Yemeni Relations: Domestic Structures and Foreign Influence By F. Gregory Gause.p 148. Columbia University Press

[18] The Unseen Hand: Saudi Arabian Involvement in Yemen. Jamestown Foundation [tt_news ???? ??????] 2010-05-14 ?? Wayback Machine

[19] Aljazeera English ???? ?????? 2017-06-14 ?? Wayback Machine

[20] Oman and Yemen:Good News From the Arabian PeninsulaBy Philip Bowring Published: May 14, 1993 ???? ?????? 2016-10-09 ?? Wayback Machine

[21] [6] |The Unseen Hand: Saudi Arabian Involvement in Yemen.Publication: Terrorism Monitor Volume: 9 Issue: 12March 24, 2011. Michael Horton "???? ??????" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2012-08-08 . ???? ???? ?????? 2019-09-05 . {{ ??????? ??? }}: ????? ?????????: BOT: original URL status unknown ( link )

[22] Sharp, Jeremy M. Yemen: Background and U.S. Relations (RL34170, PDF). Congressional Research Service (January 22, 2009)

[23] [7] |Hadi to arrive in Doha Thursday ???? ?????? 2017-03-02 ?? Wayback Machine

[24] Saudi-Yemeni Relations: Domestic Structures and Foreign Influence By F. Gregory Gause p.3 ??????? ???. ??????? ???????? ???????: ??????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?3. ?????????? ????????

[25] relations across the history ???? ?????? 2016-03-13 ?? Wayback Machine

[26] [8] |CIA world factsbook ???? ?????? 2018-01-29 ?? Wayback Machine

[27] Yemen: population still suffering effects of fighting ^{[
???? ??????
]} ???? ?????? 2020-04-27 ?? Wayback Machine

[28] Demand, Stockpiles, and Social Controls: Small Arms in Yemen Derek B. Miller p.4 - ?????? ??????????? ???????? ??????????: ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????. ???? ???? 4

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