????? ??????

????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ????. ??? ???? ???????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ????????? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ????????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????? .

???? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ????????? ????? ???? ??????? ? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ???????? ?????? ????????. ????? ???? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????.

??????? ???????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? [ ??? ]

??? ??? ?????? 2003 ????? ????? ?? 9 ????? 2003 ??? ??? ????? ?????? ????????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?????? . ??? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?? 9 ????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ??? ??????. ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ??????.

??? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ????????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? 250 ???? ??? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ?? 1980 ???? ??? ???? ?? ???? ???? ] ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?? ???? 2000. ??? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ????????? ??? ??????? ?????? ????????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ???????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ????? .

???? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ?????????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ???????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ??????. ???? ????????? ????????? ?? ???? ???????? ???????? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????.

??????? ???????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ???? ???? [ ??? ]

??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ????? 2003 ?? ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ????? ???? ???????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ???????? ???????? ??? ?????? ???? ???????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ?????? 1483 ?? 2003 ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ????????? ?????????? ????????? ?? ??????.

?? 22 ???? 2003 ???? ???? ???????? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? . ???? ???? ???????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? . ?? 28 ?????? 2004 ? ?? ?? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ???????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ???????.

?? 3 ???? 2005 ??? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ??? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???????? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ????? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? 4 ????? ???????? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ???????.

??????? [ ??? ]

??????? ????????? [ ??? ]

????? ??????? ????????? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????????? ??????? ? ^[1] ????????? ?????????? ????????? . ^[2] ?????? ??????? ????????? ?? ??????? ????????? ?????????? ????????? ? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ????????.

??????? [ ??? ]

??????? ???????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ????? ?????? (?? 1921 - 1958)? ??? ????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ??? 1921? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ????????? ??? ??? ??? 1932 ????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ????????? . ??? ???? 14 ???? 1958 ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ????????. ???? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ????????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ????????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ????????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ??? ????? ?????????. ??? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ??? ???? 17 ????? 1968 ??????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?? ?????.?? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ?????????? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ????????. ???? ???? ??? ????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ???? 10 ???? ??? ???? 1963 ??? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ???? 18 ????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ??????. ??? ????? ???? 17 ???? 1968 ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ???? . ??? ??? 1979 ???? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ??????. ?? ??????/ ????? ??? 2003 ??? ???? ????? ??? ???? ??? ???????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ?????????. ?? ????? ?? ?????/ ?????? 2004 ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???????. ??? ?????? ???????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ???????. ???? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ????????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?????????? .

????? ?????? [ ??? ]

??????? ???????? ?? ??????

??????? ?????? ?? ?????? [ ??? ]

?????? ????????? [ ??? ]

?????? ?????? ????????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????? . ^[3] ??????? ?? ??? 2009? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ??????.

?????? ????????? [ ??? ]

?????? ?????? ????????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? . ^[4]

?????? ???????? [ ??? ]

?????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ? ???????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ????? ? ????? ??????? ????? ? ????? ??????? ??????? ? ???????? ????????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????. ^[5] ????? ????? ???? ?? ???????? ???????? ??????? .

??????? ????????? ???????? [ ??? ]

???????? ?????? ????? ??????? ? ????????? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ??????. ^[6] ????? ??????? ??????? ? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????. ???? ^[7] ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? . ^[8] ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ????????? ??? ???? ??????? ???????? . ^[9]

??????? ??????? [ ??? ]

????????? ???????? ?? ????? ???????? ??????????. ????? ??? ?? ??????? ?????????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????. ???? ^[10] ??? ???????? ??????? ????????? ?? ?????? ??????? 2009 ?????????? ?? 31 ????? 2009.

??????? [ ??? ]

????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? 6 ???? ?? ????? ?????? ??????. ^[11] ????? ??? 11 ?????? 2006 ?????? ??????? ?? 138 ??? ?? 275 ????? ??????? ?? ????? ???????? ?????? ???????. ^[12]^[13] ???????? ?? ???? ??????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??????? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ???????. ^[14]

????? ???????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?? ????????? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ???????? ????????? ??? ????? ???? ???????? ??? ????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????. ????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ?? ?????? ???????? ???????? ???? 500 ?? ??? ?? ???? ?? ???????? ?? ?? ?????? ????????. ???? ??? ??? ????????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????. ?? ???? ?? ????????? ?????????? ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?????????. ?? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ?????? ??????? ????????? ?????????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ????? ???? ??? ??? ???????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????. ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ???????? ???????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ?????. ^[13]

????????? ???????? [ ??? ]

????? ?????? ??? 18 ????? ?????? ???? ????????? . ???? ???? ???? ( ???? ?????? ??????????? ) ???? ???? ?? ???? ????.

?????????? [ ??? ]

??????? ???????: ?????????? ????????

?????????? ?????????? ????????? ????? 2005 [ ??? ]

??????? ???????: ?????????? ?????????? ????????? ????? 2005

?????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?? 30 ????? 2005 ?? ??????. ???? 275 ???? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?????????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? . ????? ??????? ???????? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ???????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????????? .

???????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ????????? ? ??? ?? ??? 48 ? ?? ???????. ???? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ?????????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? 26 ? ??? ?? ???????. ???? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ? ???????? ???????? ??????? ?? ??? ? 14. ?? ???????? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ???????.

??? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ??? 2 ? ?? ?????? ??????? . ????? ???? ?? 100 ???? ???? ??? ????? ???????? ????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?? ?? ??? ?? 44 ???? (?? ????? ???? ?????????) ?? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?? 20 ?? ????? .

?????????? ?????????? ????????? ?????? 2005 [ ??? ]

??????? ???????: ?????????? ?????????? ????????? ?????? 2005

??? ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? 15 ?????? 2005? ???? ???????? ???? ??? 15 ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? 275 ???? ?? ??????.

??? ??? ?????????? ?? ?? ???? ???????? ??? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????????? . ????? 230 ????? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? 18 ??? ???? ??? ???????? ???????? ?? ?? ??????? ?? ???????? ????? ?????? 2005? ??? ?? ??? 59 ????? ??????? ?????. ^[15] ??????? ?? ?? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ??????. ?? ????? ???? ????? 45 ≪???????≫ ????? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? (??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ?????) ?????? ???? ????? ?? ????? 275 ????? ???? ????. ???? ?? ?????? ???? 25 ? ?? ??????? ?? 275. ^[16] ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?? ??? ???????. ??? ??????? ?? ??? ????????? ???????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ?????????? ???????.

????? ???? ???????? ?????? (79,6 ?). ???? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ????????? ^[17] ?? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ??? ?????????? ????? ??????? ??? ???????? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ??????. ^[18] ?????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ?????????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ??????. ??? ???? ??? ????? ???? ???? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ?? 2007. ????? ????? ?????????? ????? ????? ???????? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? .

?????????? ?????????? ????????? 2010 [ ??? ]

???? ?????????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ??? 7 ???? 2010. ???? ?????? 325 ????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????? . ?????? ?????????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ? ???? ??? ??? ?? ?????? 91 ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ??????. ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????? ? ????? ???? ???? ?? 89 ?????.

??? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????????? ???? ???? ???. ^[19] ???? ??????????? ?? ??????? ????????? ?????? / ??? ??? ??????? ^[20])? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????????. ^[21] ??? 15 ????? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ????? 2010? ????????? ?????? ???????? ?????????? 499 ????? ???????? ?? ???????? ?? ?????????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ?????. ^[22]^[23] ???? ??? ?????? ?? 12 ?????? 2010? ?? ???? ??? ??? ???????? ?? ??? ???????? ????? 456 ?? ???????? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ??????????. ^[24] ????? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ^[25]^[26] and a recount of the votes in Baghdad was ordered on 19 April 2010. ^[27] ??? 14 ????? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ???????? 11298? ?? ??? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?? ?? ???????. ^[28]

???? ???????? ?????? ????? ??? 14 ????? 2010. ^[29] ???? ???? ?? ????????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? 11 ??????. ^[30] ????????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ???? ????? ??????.

?????????? ?????????? ????????? 2014 [ ??? ]

?????? ???????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?? 30 ????? 2014. ????? ?????????? ?????? 328 ???? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???????.

????? [ ??? ]

?????? [ ??? ]

???? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ? ????? ???? ≪???? ????≫ (??? ≪??????????? ?????≫ ?≪?????? ??????????≫). ^[31] ??? 2011 ????? ≪?????? ?????≫ ?? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ?? ?? ??? ???? ??? 2006? ≪???? ???? ????? ????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ????????? ????? ?? ????? ??????≫. ^[32]

???? ???? [ ??? ]

??????? [ ??? ]

^ ????? ?????? ? Section 1, Article 2
^ ????? ?????? ? Section 1, Article 1
^ ????? ?????? ? Section 3, Chapter 1, Article 48.
^ ????? ?????? ? Section 3, Chapter 2, Article 63
^ ????? ?????? ? Section 3, Chapter 3, Article 89
^ ????? ?????? ? Section 3, Chapter 4, Article 102
^ ????? ?????? ? Section 3, Chapter 4, Article 103
^ ????? ?????? ? Section 3, Chapter 4, Article 104
^ ????? ?????? ? Section 3, Chapter 4, Article 107
^ ????? ?????? ? Article 121
^ ????? ?????? ? Article 114
^ Muir? Jim (11 ?????? 2006)? Iraq passes regional autonomy law ? Baghdad: BBC News? ????? ?? ????? ?? 2018-10-03 ? ???? ???? ?????? 2008-11-09
^ ^? ^? Draft of the Law on the Operational Procedures for the Creation of Regions ? ????? ?? ????? ?? 2011-09-28 ? ???? ???? ?????? 2008-11-09
^ "Iraqi parliament approves federal law" ? Reuters ? 11 ?????? 2006? ????? ?? ????? ?? 2009-02-28 ? ???? ???? ?????? 2008-04-18
^ local election results cand/IECI ApportionmentofGovernorateSeats English_new.pdf ???? ?????? 07 2?????1 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
^ "Guide to Iraq's election" . BBC News . 13 ?????? 2005. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2006-11-18 . ???? ???? ?????? 2010-05-22 .
^ Steele? Jonathan (16 ?????? 2005). "Iraqis flock to polls as insurgents urge Sunnis to vote" . The Guardian . London. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2007-12-05 . ???? ???? ?????? 2010-05-22 .
^ Knickmeyer? Ellen? Finer? Jonathan (16 ?????? 2005). "Iraqi Vote Draws Big Turnout Of Sunnis" . The Washington Post . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2018-10-04 . ???? ???? ?????? 2010-05-22 .
^ "Iraq Recount Mired in a New Dispute" ? ??????? ????? ? 3 ???? 2010? ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-03-02
^ The 2005 Election Law Seen as Unconstitutional; Seat Distribution Key in Doubt ???? ?????? 14 ?????? 2016 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
^ Iraq Passes Key Election Law and Prepares for January Vote ???? ?????? 26 ???? 2013 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
^ Iraqi election commission bans 500 candidates ? BBC News? 15 ????? 2010? ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-02-07
^ US to surrender Iraq to extremists ? ??? ?? ?? ? 24 January 2010? ????? ?? ????? ?? 20 ???? 2020 ? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? 2020 {{ ??????? }}: ???? ?? ??????? ??: |????? ??????= ( ?????? )
^ Iraq election officials confirm Sunni candidate ban ? Reuters? 13 ?????? 2010? ????? ?? ????? ?? 2010-02-15
^ Chulov? Martin (16 ???? 2010)? Iraqi elections hit with claims of fraud by opposing parties ? London: ????????? ? ????? ?? ????? ?? 2010-03-23
^ Iraq poll results delayed again, amid mounting fraud claims ? Earth Times ? 15 ???? 2010? ????? ?? ????? ?? 2018-09-30
^ Baghdad recount throws Iraq election wide open ? ????? ????? ??? ? 19 April 2010? ????? ?? ????? ?? 22 April 2010 ? ???? ???? ?????? ????? 2020 {{ ??????? }}: ???? ?? ??????? ??: |????? ??????= ( ?????? )
^ No sign of fraud after Iraq vote recount ? ??? ?? ?? ? ????? ?? ????? ?? 17 ???? 2020 ? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? 2020 {{ ??????? }}: ???? ?? ??????? ??: |????? ??????= ( ?????? )
^ "Iraq merger forms big Shia bloc" . BBC News . 11 ????? 2010. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2010-07-01.
^ The New York Times https://web.archive.org/web/20200317094554/https://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2010/11/10/world/middleeast/AP-ML-Iraq-Politics.html?partner=rss&emc=rss . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-03-17. {{ ??????? ???? }}: ?????? |title= ??? ????? ?? ???? ( ?????? )
^ "Did the wars bring democracy to Afghanistan and Iraq?" . Costs of War . Brown University. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2015-09-13 . ???? ???? ?????? 2011-07-18 .
^ Balaghi? Shiva. and Balaghi.pdf "The War on Terror and Middle East Policy Analysis" (PDF) . Costs of War . Brown University. ????? ?? ????? (PDF) ?? 2012-06-19 . ???? ???? ?????? 2011-07-18 . {{ ??????? ??? }}: ???? ?? ???? |???? ?????= ( ?????? )

????? ?????? [ ??? ]

Iraq Government ??? ????? ?????? ???????
Who Are Iraq's New Leaders? What Do They Want? U.S. Institute of Peace Special Report, March 2006
BBC Report: Who's Who in Post-Saddam Iraq
Iraq Elections newswire
Video Seminar on Iraq Coalition Politics : April 20, 2005, sponsored by the Program in Arms Control, Disarmament, and International Security at the University of Illinois.
Global Justice Project: Iraq
M. Ismail Marcinkowski, Religion and Politics in Iraq. Shiite Clerics between Quietism and Resistance , with a foreword by Professor Hamid Algar of the University of California at Berkeley. Singapore: Pustaka Nasional, 2004 ( ISBN 9971-77-513-1 )
Iraq Inter-Agency Information & Analysis Unit Reports, Maps and Assessments of Iraq's Governorates from the UN Inter-Agency Information & Analysis Unit

?? ????? ??? ?????? ??: ????? ??????

[1] ????? ?????? ? Section 1, Article 2

[2] ????? ?????? ? Section 1, Article 1

[3] ????? ?????? ? Section 3, Chapter 1, Article 48.

[4] ????? ?????? ? Section 3, Chapter 2, Article 63

[5] ????? ?????? ? Section 3, Chapter 3, Article 89

[6] ????? ?????? ? Section 3, Chapter 4, Article 102

[7] ????? ?????? ? Section 3, Chapter 4, Article 103

[8] ????? ?????? ? Section 3, Chapter 4, Article 104

[9] ????? ?????? ? Section 3, Chapter 4, Article 107

[10] ????? ?????? ? Article 121

[11] ????? ?????? ? Article 114

[12] Muir? Jim (11 ?????? 2006)? Iraq passes regional autonomy law ? Baghdad: BBC News? ????? ?? ????? ?? 2018-10-03 ? ???? ???? ?????? 2008-11-09

[draft_regions_law-13] ? ^? Draft of the Law on the Operational Procedures for the Creation of Regions ? ????? ?? ????? ?? 2011-09-28 ? ???? ???? ?????? 2008-11-09

[14] "Iraqi parliament approves federal law" ? Reuters ? 11 ?????? 2006? ????? ?? ????? ?? 2009-02-28 ? ???? ???? ?????? 2008-04-18

[15] tion results cand/IECI ApportionmentofGovernorateSeats English_new.pdf ???? ?????? 07 2?????1 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .

[16] "Guide to Iraq's election" . BBC News . 13 ?????? 2005. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2006-11-18 . ???? ???? ?????? 2010-05-22 .

[17] Steele? Jonathan (16 ?????? 2005). "Iraqis flock to polls as insurgents urge Sunnis to vote" . The Guardian . London. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2007-12-05 . ???? ???? ?????? 2010-05-22 .

[18] Knickmeyer? Ellen? Finer? Jonathan (16 ?????? 2005). "Iraqi Vote Draws Big Turnout Of Sunnis" . The Washington Post . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2018-10-04 . ???? ???? ?????? 2010-05-22 .

[19] "Iraq Recount Mired in a New Dispute" ? ??????? ????? ? 3 ???? 2010? ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-03-02

[20] The 2005 Election Law Seen as Unconstitutional; Seat Distribution Key in Doubt ???? ?????? 14 ?????? 2016 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .

[21] Iraq Passes Key Election Law and Prepares for January Vote ???? ?????? 26 ???? 2013 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .

[baathists-22] Iraqi election commission bans 500 candidates ? BBC News? 15 ????? 2010? ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-02-07

[us-surrender-23] US to surrender Iraq to extremists ? ??? ?? ?? ? 24 January 2010? ????? ?? ????? ?? 20 ???? 2020 ? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? 2020 {{ ??????? }}: ???? ?? ??????? ??: |????? ??????= ( ?????? )

[ihec-no-go-24] Iraq election officials confirm Sunni candidate ban ? Reuters? 13 ?????? 2010? ????? ?? ????? ?? 2010-02-15

[fraud_claims-25] Chulov? Martin (16 ???? 2010)? Iraqi elections hit with claims of fraud by opposing parties ? London: ????????? ? ????? ?? ????? ?? 2010-03-23

[fraud_delays-26] Iraq poll results delayed again, amid mounting fraud claims ? Earth Times ? 15 ???? 2010? ????? ?? ????? ?? 2018-09-30

[baghdad-recount-27] Baghdad recount throws Iraq election wide open ? ????? ????? ??? ? 19 April 2010? ????? ?? ????? ?? 22 April 2010 ? ???? ???? ?????? ????? 2020 {{ ??????? }}: ???? ?? ??????? ??: |????? ??????= ( ?????? )

[no-fraud-28] No sign of fraud after Iraq vote recount ? ??? ?? ?? ? ????? ?? ????? ?? 17 ???? 2020 ? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? 2020 {{ ??????? }}: ???? ?? ??????? ??: |????? ??????= ( ?????? )

[par_open-29] "Iraq merger forms big Shia bloc" . BBC News . 11 ????? 2010. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2010-07-01.

[30] The New York Times https://web.archive.org/web/20200317094554/https://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2010/11/10/world/middleeast/AP-ML-Iraq-Politics.html?partner=rss&emc=rss . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-03-17. {{ ??????? ???? }}: ?????? |title= ??? ????? ?? ???? ( ?????? )

[31] "Did the wars bring democracy to Afghanistan and Iraq?" . Costs of War . Brown University. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2015-09-13 . ???? ???? ?????? 2011-07-18 .

[32] Balaghi? Shiva. and Balaghi.pdf "The War on Terror and Middle East Policy Analysis" (PDF) . Costs of War . Brown University. ????? ?? ????? (PDF) ?? 2012-06-19 . ???? ???? ?????? 2011-07-18 . {{ ??????? ??? }}: ???? ?? ???? |???? ?????= ( ?????? )

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

[19]

[20]

[21]

[22]

[23]

[24]

[25]

[26]

[27]

[28]

[29]

[30]

[31]

[32]

???? ??????? ???????
????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ???????? ??????????	#	?????	????	?????? ????? ???????? ??????? ????? ???? ??????
	1	?????? ?????	6,024,000
	2	?????? ?????	1,224,000
	3	?????? ???????	1,230,000
	4	?????? ?????	848,000
	5	?????? ???? ?????	1,042,200
	6	?????? ?????	2,453,000
	7	?????? ??????????	1,894,000
	8	?????? ?????	3,108,681
	9	?????? ????	958,201
	10	?????? ????	913,000
	11	?????? ????	1,385,783
	12	?????? ??????	724,000
	13	?????? ?????	930,000
	14	?????? ?????	803,000
	15	?????? ?? ???	1,472,000
	16	?????? ????????	990,483
	17	?????? ??????	538,000
	18	?????? ??????	5,761,000

? ? ? ?????? ??????
?????????	????????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????????
???????	????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ????? 1638-1704 ????? ????? 1831-1917 ????? ??????? ???????? ???? ???? ???? ???????? ????? ??????? ???????? ???? 17 ???? 1968 ???? 8 ???? 1963 ??????? ??????? ????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ???????? ????????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? 1958 ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ???? ????????? ???????? ????????? 2008 ????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?? ?????? ?????????? ???????? 2011
????????	??????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???????
???????? ???????? ????????	????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????
????? ????????	??????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ????? ?????
???????	??????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ??????????? ???? ??????? ???????? ??? ??????
?????? ???????	?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????????? ????? ????????
?????? ???????	????? ????????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????
??????	???? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ???????
???????? ????????	??????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????? ????? ????????? ?? ?????? ????? ????????? ?? ?????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ???????????
?????	??? ?????? ?????? ??? 1948 ??? 1967 ????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ????????
????? ??????