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1979 عدل القيمة على Wikidata
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31 ?????? 2015 عدل القيمة على Wikidata
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"?? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ????? . ???? ????? ????? ????? ??????"

????? ????? ?????? ? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ≪????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ???????≫ ( ???????? : 中?人民共和???生育) [1] ? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??? ??? 1978 ???? ??? 2015 ? ????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ????? ??? ??? ?????? [2] ??? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? .

???? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????????? ???????????? ???????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ?? 400 ????? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ??? 2000. [2]

????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???????? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ?? 24 ????? ??? ?? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ??? 2020? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ???. [3]

?? 28 ?????? 2013? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????. [4]

????? ??? ??????? ?? ??? 29 ?????? 2015 ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ???? ???? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ????????. [5]

????? [ ??? ]

????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? 37 ??? ??? ??? 20 ??? ???. ????? ???? ????? ????? ?? 227 ??? ??? ????? ?? ??? 1949 ??? 53 ??? ??? ????? ?? ??? 1981? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ?? 35 ????? ?? ??? 1948 ??? 66 ????? ?? ??? 1976. ??? ??????? ????? ???????? ???? ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ???????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?????. ???? ?????? ???? ??? ≪?????? ????≫ ?? ??????? ???????? ????? ??? ??????? ????????. ?????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ??? 540 ??????? ?? ??? 1949 ??? 940 ??????? ?? ??? 1976. ????? ?? ??? 1970? ?? ????? ????????? ??? ?????? ?? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???. [6] [7] [8]

??? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ?? ?? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ???????? ????? ??????? ?? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ???????? ???????? ???? ???????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?????. ???? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ?? ??? 1978? ??? ??? 1979? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ??????. ?? ????? ???? ??? 1979? ???? ???? ??? ??? ???? ???? ????? ????? ????? ??????. ?? 1 ????? ??? 1979? ??? ????: [9]

????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ≪????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ??????≫. ??? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ≪????? ???? ???? ???≫. ????? ??? ??????? ????????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????. ???? ?? ?? ???? ???? ??? ???????? ???? ??????.

??? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ???? ? ?? ???? ????. ?? 15 ?????? ??? 1979? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ≪???? ????? ??? ???? ??? ?????. ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ???≫. [10]

????? [ ??? ]

???? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ???????? ???????? ??? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????????? ???????.

???? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ???????? [ ??? ]

???? ??????? ???????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ???? ??? ???????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ???? 400 ????? ????? ???????? ?? ??? 2011? ????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???????? ????? ????? ?? ?? ?? . ???? ??? ?? ????? ???400 ????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ???????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ???????? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ?? ≪???? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ????????≫. [11]

??????? ??? ???????? [ ??? ]

?????? ?? ??? ????????? ????????? ????????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ????????. ??? ????? ???????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ??7.48 ????? ??????? (1.2 ????? ?????). ??? ???? 2000 ?2005? ???? ?? ??? 1,968 ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ???????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ????? ?? 21 ?????? ?????? ??????? ?24 ???????? ??????? ?112 ?? ???? ??????? ?6 ?? ???? ????????? ??????? ??? ???????. [12]

???????? ???? ??????? [ ??? ]

?? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ????????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ???????? ?????. ????? ?????? ??? 1968 ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ????? ???????? ≪?????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ????? ???????? ??? ??????? ???? ???????? ??? ????????≫. [13]

???? ????? [ ??? ]

??????? [ ??? ]

  1. ^ BBC News | ASIA-PACIFIC | China steps up 'one child' policy ???? ?????? 21 ????? 2017 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
  2. ^ ? ? BBC: China steps up "One-child policy". ???? ?????? 21 ????? 2017 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
  3. ^ ???? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? 05 ???? 2010 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
  4. ^ "????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????" . ??? ??? ???????. 28 ?????? 2013. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2013-12-30 . ???? ???? ?????? 2013-12-28 .
  5. ^ ????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? 29 ?????? 2015 ???? ?????? 21 ?????? 2015 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
  6. ^ Qu? H. (???? 1988). "A review of population theoretical research since the founding of the People's Republic of China" . Population Research (Peking, China) . ?. 5 ?. 1: 21?28. ISSN : 1002-6576 . PMID : 12281752 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2021-07-02.
  7. ^ Potts? M. (19 ????? 2006). "China's one child policy" . BMJ . ?. 333 ?. 7564: 361?62. DOI : 10.1136/bmj.38938.412593.80 . PMC : 1550444 . PMID : 16916810 .
  8. ^ "中?人口政策演?" . ????? ????? (????????). 7 Apr 2015. Archived from the original on 2019-11-06 . Retrieved 2021-06-19 .
  9. ^ Greenhalgh? Susan (2005). "Missile Science, Population Science: The Origins of China One-Child Policy" . The China Quarterly . ?. 182 ?. 182: 253?276. DOI : 10.1017/S0305741005000184 . ISSN : 0305-7410 . JSTOR : 20192474 . S2CID : 144640139 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2021-12-15.
  10. ^ Greenhalgh? Susan (2003). "Science, Modernity, and the Making of China's One-Child Policy" . Population and Development Review . ?. 29 ?. 2: 163?196. DOI : 10.1111/j.1728-4457.2003.00163.x . ISSN : 0098-7921 . JSTOR : 3115224 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2021-11-23.
  11. ^ Amnesty International. "Violence Against Women ? an introduction to the campaign" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2006-10-09.
  12. ^ "US State Department position" . Associated Press. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2007-02-26.
  13. ^ "Human Rights in China and Tibet" . ?????? ??????? ??????? . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2017-12-06 . ???? ???? ?????? 2017-09-07 .
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