????? ????

????? ????
	????? ????
??????? ?????
???????	4 ?????? 1887 ; ???? ?????? ? ???????? ? ???
??????	4 ????? 1958 (71 ???) ; ??????? ? ???
???????	????
?????	???? ?????????? ???????
?????? ???????
??????	????, ????? ????
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	????:????? ???? - ???? ????
	????? ????? - ?????

????? ???? (4 ?????? 1887 - 4 ????? 1958)? ^{[
????? ??????
]}. ?? ???? ?????????? ??????? ??? ??? ????????? ????????. ??? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ???????? ?????? ?????? . ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????. ????? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ???????? ????????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????????? ???????? ??????? . ????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ???????? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ???????? ???????? ????????. ????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?? ≪???? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ????≫ ????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????.

????? [ ??? ]

??? ????? ???? ??? 1887 ?? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ???? ? ??? ????? ???? ????? ????????? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ?? ???? ????. ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????? ?????????? ????????? ???? ??? ??????? ??????????. ????? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ???????? ????????? ?? ??????? ???????? ???? ??? ????? ?????????? (????????) ??? 1903.

?????? ?????? [ ??? ]

?? ??? 1906 ????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ????. ??? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ????? ???? ????? ^(
1
). ???? ??? ????? ??? ??? ???? 3 ????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ???????? ???????? ???? ?????? ?? ???????? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ????? ????? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ?????????.

??? ?? ??? ???? ????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ???????? ????? ??? ????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????????? .

?? ??? [ ??? ]

??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ??? 1910? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ??? ????? ???????? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ≪???? ???? ????≫ ?????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ?????.

??? ????? ??? ??? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? 1912 ? ??? ???? ?? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ???????? ??? 1914 ????? ????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?? ????? ????? ????????? ?????? ??? 1921 ????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ??? 1923 ???? ?? ?????.

?? ??? 1930 ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ????????? ??????? ??? ??????? ???????? ????????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? .

???? ?????? [ ??? ]

??? ????? ???? ?? ??????????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ???? ?? ???? ????????? ???????????? ??????????? ?????? ??????. ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????????? ????????? ???????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ???????. ^[1]^[2] ???? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?? ??????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ???????. ^[3] ??? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? 1955 "?????? ???? ???? ??????". ^[4]

??? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ????????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????. ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ?? ???????? ??????. ??? ?? ???????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????. ^[2]^[5] ??? ???? ???? ?? ????? "????? ??????" ?? ??????? ????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ?????????. ??? ????? ???? ??? ???? ???????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? 1919 ?????? ????? ???????? ^[6] ?????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? 1919 ?? ???? 1879-1882 . ^[7]

???? ????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ????????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????????. ????? ????? ???????? ??????????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ??????.

????????? ??????? ?????? [ ??? ]

???? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ???????? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ??????. ??? ????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ≪≪??????? ????? ??? ??????.. ????? ??????? ??? ??????≫ ^(
2
) ??????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ??? ???????? ?????? ???????. ??? ?? ??? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ????????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ???????? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ????????? ???????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ???????? ?????? ??? ??? ≪??? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ?? ???? ??≫. ???? ?? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ???????? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ???????? ???????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????. ???? ??? ????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ?????. ??? ???? ????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ????????? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ????? ???? ???? ?????. ???? ????: ≪??? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ??????≫.

?????????? [ ??? ]

???? ????? ?????? ????????? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?????????? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ?????? . ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ???? ????? ??? ??? ???: ≪???? ?? ????? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ?????????≫ ???? ?? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?????????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ???????. ??? ??? ??? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ????????? ?????? ???? ?????????? ??? ???????? .

?????? ????????? [ ??? ]

??? ????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?? ???? ???? ??? ???????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ????? . ???? ????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ????????? ????? ??? ??????? ????????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ????????? ????? ??????? ???????? ? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ??? ????????. ????? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ???????? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ≪???? ??? ????????≫ ??? ???? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????. ???? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ?????????? ????? ???? ??????? .

???? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????????? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ????????? ??????????. ???? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ???????? ??? ?? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?? ?? ???? ??? ????? ???????? ????? ?? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ????????.

????? [ ??? ]

??? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ????????? ????????? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ???????? ???? ?????????? ????????? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ????: ≪??????????≫ ?≪????? ?????? ???≫? ?≪???? ????? ?? ???≫? ?≪?????? ????????≫? ?≪?????? ??? ?????? ????≫? ?≪?????? ???????? ?? ???????≫? ?≪????? ????????≫? ?≪?????? ???? ???? ?????≫? ?≪????? ??????≫ ????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ≪????? ????? ????≫? ??? ???? ???? ?? ???????? ???? ?????? ?? ????????? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ????? Culture ???? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ^(
3
).

??????? [ ??? ]

????? ???????? (1910)
???? ???? ???? (1912)
?????????? (1913)
???? ????? ??????? ??????? (1924)
???? ?? ??????? (1925)
????? ???????? (1926)
????? ????? (1927)
???? ????? ???????? ?? ??????? (1927)
????? ?????? ????? ????? (1927)
????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? (1928)
????? ?????? ???? ??????? (1928)
????? ????? (1929)
?????? ????? ??????? (1931)
??????????? ?? ?????? ??????? (1934)
????? ??????? ??????? (1934)
?? ?? ?????? (1935)
?????? ????????? (1935)
??????? ??????? (1943)
?????? ??? ??????? (1944)
??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? (1945)
??????? ?????? (1946)
????? ????? ???? (1947)
???? ????? (1947)
?? ???? ??????? (1947)
??? ??? ??????? (1947)
??????? (1953)
????? ?????? (1953)
???? ??????? (1954)
????? ????? (1956)
????? ??????? (1956)
?????? ???????? (1956)
?????? ???? ???? ????? (1956)
?????? ??? ?????? (1957)
?????? ?? (1957)
?????? ??? ?????? (1957)
????? ?????? ?????? (1959)
?????? ?????? (1959)
??? ??????: ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? (1960)
??????? ??? ?????? (1961)
?????? ??? ????? (1962)
??????? ???? ?????? (1963)
??????? ????? ???? (1963)
???? ???? (1993)
??????? ?????? (1993)

??? [ ??? ]

???? ????????? ?????? [ ??? ]

???? ??????? ≪ ???? ???? ≫ -??? ??? ????????? ??????- : ≪?? ????? ???? ??? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ???????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ???????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ???????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ???????? ??? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ??????≫? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ?????????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ???????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??? ?????.

???? ??????? [ ??? ]

??? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ????????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ≪???? ???????≫? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ???????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ≪??????? ??????? ?????? ???????≫ ??? ?? ????? ???? ≪???? ???? ????? ?? ??? ??? ????≫ ?? ??? ??? ≪??? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ????? ????≫? ?? ???: ≪?? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??? ???????? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ??? ????? ????≫ ??? ?????? ≪???? ???????≫ ???????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ????????? ???? ?? ???????? ?????? ????? ???? ≪???? ??? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ???????≫.

?????? ?????? [ ??? ]

??????? [ ??? ]

1 : ??? ??? ???: ≪???? ???? ????? ????? ??? 1906? ??? ??? ????? ???????? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ???????? ??????????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ????≫.
2 : ????? ????? ????? ?????. ??????? ???????? ???????? 1927?? ? 241 ? 257.
3 : ≪??? ??? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ????? ????? ???? ???????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ????? (?????) ??????? ?? ????? ???????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???????? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??????≫. ????? ????: ??????? ???????? - ???? ?????? ??????? - ?????? 1927 - ?171.

???? ????? [ ??? ]

????? ?????? [ ??? ]

?? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ????

??????? [ ??? ]

^ Moussa? Salama (1947). The Education of Salama Moussa . Hindawi Foundation, 2014.
^ ^? ^? Musa, Salama. The Education of Salama Musa . E.J. Brill, Leiden, Netherlands. 1961
^ Moussa? Salama (1947). The Education of Salama Moussa . Hindawi Foundation, 2014. ?. 23.
^ Meisami, S. Julie, Starkey, Paul. Encyclopedia of Arabic Literature , Volume 2. Routledge, New York, NY 1998 pp. 554-555
^ Moussa? Salama (1947). The Education of Salama Moussa . Hindawi Foundation, 2014. ?. 14?15.
^ Moussa? Salama (1947). The Education of Salama Moussa . Hindawi Foundation, 2014. ?. 44.
^ Moussa? Salama (1947). The Education of Salama Moussa . Hindawi Foundation, 2014. ?. 102?103.

????? ????.. ?? ??????? - ?? ????? ??? ????.??
Al-Ahram Weekly On-line
[1]
The Status of Culture in Egypt
(??????????)

/ (???????????) Overview of the Relationship between Naguib Mahfouz and Salama Moussa

(??????????)

/ (???????????) Salama Moussa - His Life and Effect on the Future

(??????????)

Salama Moussa - Das literarische Gesamtwerk

?? ????? ??? ?????? ??: ????? ????

[1] Moussa? Salama (1947). The Education of Salama Moussa . Hindawi Foundation, 2014.

[Musa-2] ? ^? Musa, Salama. The Education of Salama Musa . E.J. Brill, Leiden, Netherlands. 1961

[3] Moussa? Salama (1947). The Education of Salama Moussa . Hindawi Foundation, 2014. ?. 23.

[Meisami_pp554-555-4] Meisami, S. Julie, Starkey, Paul. Encyclopedia of Arabic Literature , Volume 2. Routledge, New York, NY 1998 pp. 554-555

[:0-5] Moussa? Salama (1947). The Education of Salama Moussa . Hindawi Foundation, 2014. ?. 14?15.

[:1-6] Moussa? Salama (1947). The Education of Salama Moussa . Hindawi Foundation, 2014. ?. 44.

[7] Moussa? Salama (1947). The Education of Salama Moussa . Hindawi Foundation, 2014. ?. 102?103.

????? ??????

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[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]