?????? ????? ???????????
(
??????????
: Stanisław August Poniatowski) ? ?? ?????? 17 ????? 1732 ????? ?? 12 ?????? ??? 1798 ?
??? ??????
??????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? 1764 ??? 1795.
??? ??? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ??
???? ???????
?? ??? 1755 ????? ????? ?????? ?? ????????? ????????
?????? ???????
. ?????? ?? ??? 1764 ??? ?????? ?????????. ???? ??? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ????????? ???????. ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??
??????
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???????
? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ????????? ??????. ???? ??? ????????? ????? ???? ???? ????????? ???? ??????? ??????????? ?????????.
[4]
???? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ??? ???????????? (1768-1772) ???? ??? ???
??????? ????? ???????
(1772). ??? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? (1788-1792) ?????? 3 ???? ??? 1791. ?????? ??? ????????? ?? ????
?????????? ???????????
??? 1792 ?????? ????????? ??????? ??? 1792? ????? ??? ?????? ???
??????? ?????? ???????
(1793)? ??????? ???????? (1794)
???????? ??????? ??????? ???????
(1795)? ?? ????? ???????? ?????????. ????? ??????????? ??? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ?? ?????? / ????? ?????? ??? 1795 ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ???????.
?????
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????? ?????
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??? ????????? ?????? ??????????? ?? 17 ????? / ????? ?????? ??? 1732 ?? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ??
???????
. ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ??????????? ??????? ????????? ???????????. ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ???????? ??????????? (1721-1800) ????? ?? ???????? ????????? ??????????? (1723-1749) ???? ?? ?????????
??????
????? ?? ?????? ???????? ??????????? (1725-1744) ???? ???? ?? ??????? ????????? (1725-1744) ???? ??? ??????? ?????????. ?????? ?????? ????: ?????? ??????????? (1734-1773)? ???????? ????? ??????????? (1736-1794) ???? ???? ?????? ???????. ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????? (1728-1804) ????????? ??????? (1730-1808). ?? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????????? (1763-1813) ??? ??????.
[5]
[6]
????? ????????
[
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]
???? ??????????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ??????????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ??? ?????.
[6]
???? ?? ??? 1750 ??? ????? ??? ???? ?????????? ????????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ??????. ?????? ??????????? ?? ??? 1751 ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ??????.
[7]
??? ???? ??? ????? / ????? ?????? ??? 1752 ?? ??????? ????????? ??
?????
.
[7]
?????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ????? (??? ?? ??? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ??????
?????? ?????? ?? ??????
) ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ????????.
[7]
??? ?? ????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ????
????????
.
[7]
???? ?? ???? / ???? ??? 1753 ???
?????
??????
? ??? ????? ??? ???? ?? ???????. ??? ???
??????
?????? ??????? ?? ???????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ???? ?????. ??? ????? ????? ????? / ?? ??? ????? ??? ????? ???? ?????. ???? ?? ?????? / ???? ??? 1754 ???
???????
? ??? ???? ???? ????. ??? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ??? ????? ????????
????????? ??????
. ??? ??? ????????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ??????????. ??? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? (????? ???????) ?? ????????.
[7]
[8]
[9]
????? ??????????? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ???? ???????.
[10]
????? ????? ?? ??? 1755 ??? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ????????? ??????.
[11]
???? ?????? ??????????? ???
?????? ?????????
??????? ?? ????? 26 ????? ?? ???? ???????? ????? ????? ??????????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???. ???? ??????? ??????. ????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ??????????? ??? ???? ???? ???????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????.
[12]
???? ??????????? ???????
???? ???????
?? ????? / ???? ??? 1756 ???? ???? ?? ???????. ????? ?? ???? ????? ??????
???????????? ???????
???????? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???????? ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ???????? ?? ????? / ????? ?????? ??????. ??? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ???????? ?????????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ????????. ???? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? 14 ????? / ?? ??? 1758.
??? ??????????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????? 1758 ?1760 ?1762. ???? ??????? ?? ??? ???????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????????. ???? ????? ?? ??? 1762 ???? ?? ?????? ????????. ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? 1762 ????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ????? ????? ????????? ????? ???? ??? ???????? ?? ??? ???????. ??? ??? ???? ??????????? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ??????. ???? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??
????? ?????? ??????
. ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ??? 1763 ????? ?? ???? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ??????.
[13]
????
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]
?????? ???????
[
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]
??? ????????? ??????????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ????????.
[14]
?????? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????????? ????????? ???????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????????? ???????? ?????????.
[15]
[16]
?????? ????? ?????? ????????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ???????? ?????????? ????? ?? ??????? ?????????.
[17]
[18]
??? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??
??????
? ???? ????? ?????.
[17]
[18]
[19]
[20]
???? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ????? (??? ?????????) ?????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?????????. ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ????? ????????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ???????? ??????? ???????????. ???? ?? ??? ???? ????????? ?????????? ??? ???????? ??????? ???? ?????????.
[21]
??? ?????? ?? ???????? ?????????? ???: ??? ??????? ????????? ??????????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ??????
[21]
???????? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ??? ????????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????. ???? ?????? ?? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????: ??????? ???????? ????? ????? ?????? ????. ??? ??? ????? ????????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????????? ????????? ?????? ??. ??? ?????? ????????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? 1795 ??? 2889 ????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ???????? ?????? ???? ????. ?? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ????
?????
????????? ???????? ?????????
. ???? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ????. ??? ??????????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ????????
?????
.
[22]
[23]
[24]
???? ??????????? ?????? ?? ????????? ?? ???? ??????? ??????. ???? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ?? ??? 1765 ??? 1794 ????? ???? ?????? ????????. ???? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ??????. ???? ?? ??? 1765 ?????? ????? ?????????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ????????. ???? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ???????? ???? ???? ?? ???????. ??? ??? ?????? ???????? ????? ????? ??????: ???????? ????????? ????????? ????? ????????? ????????? ?????????? ????????? ??????. ??? ??? ???????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ??????????? ?????? ???????? ??? ????? ????.
[25]
[26]
[18]
?????
[
???
]
- ^
https://www.polskipetersburg.pl/hasla/stanislaw-august-poniatowski
. ???? ???? ??????
2022-07-07
.
- ^
?
?
List of Royal Society Fellows 1660-2007
(PDF)
(???????????),
Royal Society
, p. 287,
QID
:
Q111806251
- ^
Jozef Wolff, ed. (1885),
Senatorowie i dygnitarze Wielkiego Ksi?stwa Litewskiego 1386?1795
(??????????), Krakow, p. 321,
QID
:
Q123243396
{{
???????
}}
: ????? ?????????: ???? ???? ???? (
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Bartłomiej Szyndler (2009).
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ISBN
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?????
?? 2020-01-25
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Jerzy Michalski,
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- ^
?
?
?
?
?
Jerzy Michalski,
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Jerzy Michalski,
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????????? ????? ???????????, p. 94
- ^
????????? ????? ???????????, p. 92
- ^
????????? ????? ???????????, p. 93
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Jan IJ. van der Meer (2002).
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. Rodopi. p. 235.
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???? ??????
5 ????? 2020 ??? ????
??? ??? ????
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Jerzy Michalski,
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, Polski Słownik Biograficzny, T.41, 2011, p. 634
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Jan IJ. van der Meer (2002).
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. Rodopi. p. 234.
ISBN
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???? ??????
5 ????? 2020 ??? ????
??? ??? ????
.
- ^
?
?
Jan IJ. van der Meer (2002).
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. Rodopi. p. 233.
ISBN
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. Retrieved
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.
???? ??????
6 ????? 2020 ??? ????
??? ??? ????
.
- ^
?
?
?
Jerzy Michalski,
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. University of California Press. p. 162.
ISBN
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. Retrieved
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.
???? ??????
5 ????? 2020 ??? ????
??? ??? ????
.
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Jan IJ. van der Meer (2002).
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. Rodopi. p. 51.
ISBN
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. Retrieved
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.
???? ??????
5 ????? 2020 ??? ????
??? ??? ????
.
- ^
?
?
Jerzy Michalski,
Stanisław August Poniatowski
, Polski Słownik Biograficzny, T.41, 2011, p. 636
- ^
Jerzy Michalski,
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, Polski Słownik Biograficzny, T.41, 2011, p. 637
- ^
Historic England
?
"Dulwich Picture Gallery and Mausoleum (1385543)"
?
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? ???? ???? ??????
2017-12-18
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. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 565.
ISBN
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.
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?????? ?????
,
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,
??? ??? ????? ????????
, 2005,
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,
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???? ??????
5 ????? 2020 ??? ????
??? ??? ????
.
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