한국   대만   중국   일본 
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??? ?? ????? ???? ?   ?????? ???   تعديل قيمة خاصية (P279) في ويكي بيانات
????? ????? - ?????   طالع توثيق القالب

??????? ?????????? [1] [2] ?? ??????? ???????? [2] ( ??????????? : Palliative Care )? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ???? ???????? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ????? ???????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ?????. [3] ??? ???????? ????????? ???? ?????? ?? ????????? ??????? ???????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ????? ≪??? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?? ??????. ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??????????? ????????≫. [4] ?? ??????? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ????? ???? ???????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?????. [5]

??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ?? ??????? ????????. ??????? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ??? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ???????? ??? ???????? ???? ???????? ??????? ????????? ?????????? ???????? ???????????? ?????? ????? ??????????? ??????????? ????? ????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ?? ?????? ???? ??????. ???? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????????? ?????????? ??????????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?????. ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????? ??? ?? ??? ?????????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ????????. ??? ????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ? ??? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ??????. [3]

????? ?? ??????? ????????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?? ????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????. ????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ?? ?? ??? ???? ??? ???????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ????? ?? ???????????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ??????????.

??? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ??????. ???? ??????? ??? ???????? ????????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ???????? ??? ??????? ????. [6]

???? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ??????. [7] [8]

?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ???????? ?????? ?????. ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?? ?? ???. [9]

??? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ???????. ??????? ?? ???????? ???????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ???????? [10] [11] ????? ?? ????????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ???????.

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????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ???? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ????????? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ???????. ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ???????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? . [12] [13] ????????? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ????? [14] ???? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ??????. [15]

???? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ??????????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?? ??????. ??????? ???? ??????? ???????? ???? ???????? ?????? ???????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ?? ???? ???????? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ??????. ??? ???? ??????? ???? ??????? ????????? ???? ??????? ???????? ???? ≪??? ????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ??? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ????????? ?????????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? (???????)≫ ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????. [12]

???? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ??????. [16] [17]

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?? ???????? ???????? ????? ????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???????. ???? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ???????? ????????. ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????? ????????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ????? (??? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????) ????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ?????????? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ( ??????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????). ?? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ???? ??? ??? ????.

???? ???????? ???????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????. ???? ??? ???????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ????????? ??????? ???????. ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ???? ???????? ???????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ????????. [18]

???? ?? 40% ?? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????. ???? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ???????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????. ?????? 86.6% ?? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ≪??????≫. [19] ????? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ?????. ??? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?????? (??? ????? ?? ???). [20]

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???? ??????? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????? ? ???? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ???????? ?? ??? 1967? ????????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ≪ ?? ????? ??????? ≫ ??? 1969. [21] ?? ??? 1973 ????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ??? ??????. ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ≪??????? ???????≫ ????? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ???????? ?? ????????. ?? ??? 1987 ???? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ???????? ?? ???? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ???????? ??????? ?? ???????? ???????. [22] ???? ???????? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ???????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ???????? ?? ??? ??????? ????????? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????? ???????. [23]

??? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????????. ???? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???:

  • ???? ??? ?? ????? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ???????? ??????? ????? ???? ???. [24] [25]
  • ???? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ???????? ?????? ?? ?????????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ??????. [26]
  • ???? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ???? ??????? ????????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ????????. [27] [28]

???? ?? 90% ?? ?????????? ????????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ?? 300 ???? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ???? 17% ??? ?? ?????????? ??????? ???? ??? 50 ?????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ????? ?????. [29] ???? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ???? ?? ???????? ??????? ??? ??? 2006. ???????? ??? ???? ?? ??? 2011 ???? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?? ???????? ???? ???? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ????. [30]

????? ??????? ??????? [ ??? ]

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??? ???????? ????????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ??????? (ESAS)? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? (VAS) ?????? ?? 0 ??? 100 ???? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ? [31] ??????? ??? ?? ?????? . [32] ???? ?????? 0 ??? ???? ???????? ????? ?????? 10 ??? ???? ??? ?????. ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????? ????????.

???? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ???????? ??????? ??? ?????????????? ( ??????????? ) ????????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ?? ???????? ???????? ??? ????????? ??????????? ???????? ?? ???????? ?????? ??? ???????? ??????????? ?????????? ?????????????? ??????. ??? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ????????. ??? ??? ???????: ??????????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????. ????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ?????.

????? ????? ?????? [ ??? ]

???? ?? ???? ??????? ????????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ????????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????. [33] ???? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ????? ????? ????????? ????? ??? ??????. ?? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ???????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????. ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ????????. ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????. ?????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ???????. [34]

?? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ???????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ???????. [35] ??? ???? ???? ???? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ???????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ???????.

??????? ?? ????? [ ??? ]

??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ???????? ???????. [36] ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ????????? ????????? ????????? ? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ????????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ??????????. ???? ?? ???? ????????? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ???????. [37]

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?? ?????? ????? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ≪????? ??????≫ ???? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ????????? ?????. [38] ??? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????. ???? ?? ????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ???. [39]

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???? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??????. [39] ???? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? [40] ??????? ????? ???? ???????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ???????? (≪ ????? ????? ≫). [41]

????? ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ??????? ????????? ?? ??????? ???????? ????????? ???? ??????? ???????. ????? ??????? ??????:

??? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ????????? ?? ???????? ?? ??? ??????? ????????. ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ??? ??????. ?? ?? ???? ???????? ?? ??????? ????????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????? ???????. ?? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ????????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ???????? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ???????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?? ??????? ???????. ??? ???? ???? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???????? ???.

????? ?????? ?????????? [ ??? ]

????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ????. [42] ????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? (?????? ??????? ????????) ?? ???????? ???? ????? ??????. ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ????? ????????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????. ???? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ????????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ???????? ????????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????? ???????? ?????????? ?????. [39]

????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ?? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ???????? ???? ???????? ????? ???? ???????? ?????? ??????.

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????????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ???????. ????? ???????? ???????? ??????????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????? ????? ????????? "?????? ?????????? ??????? ?????????..." ??? ?????? "?????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????? ??????. [43] ???? ?? ???? ????????? ?????????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ?????????. [42]

???? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????????? ???????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ????? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ????. ?????? ??????? ???????? ??? ???????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ?? ???????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ????????? ??????? ?? ???????. [44]

??????? ??????? ??????? [ ??? ]

??????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ?????????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ??????.

????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??? ???????? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ??? ???????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? . [45]

????? ??????? ?????? ??????? [ ??? ]

??? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ????????? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ????????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ???????. [18] ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ???:

  • ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ??????? (?? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??? ????? ???????? ????????). ????? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????. ????????? ??? ??? ?? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????? . ?? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???????????. [46]
  • ????? ??? ???? ???? ?????. ?????? ??? ?????????? ???????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ????????? ??????? ????????. ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ???????? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ?? ??? ????????. [47] [48] ?? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?? ≪?????? ?????? ??????≫? ??? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ????????. [49] ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ???????? ?? ???????? . ??????? ????? ??? ??????? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ???? ???. [18]
  • ????? ???? ?????? (???????? ??????? ???? ??????? ??????? ? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ? ???.).
  • ???? ??????? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ???????? ??????? ??????? .
  • ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?? ?? ?? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????. ??? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ???????? ???????? ??????????.
  • ??????? ?? ?? ?? ??? ?????? ???????? ???? ???????? (??????? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ? ??????? ?????? ? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ? ??????? ??????? ? ??????? ?????? ? ????????? ????????? ) ??? ?????? ??????? ???????. ??????? ????????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????. ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? [50]
  • ????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? (????? ??? ????? ????? ???????) ?????? ??? ????? ?????.
  • ??? ????? ???????? ????????? ????? ?? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ???????.

??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????. [51] [52] ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????? ????????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????????. [53] [54] ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ????? ????????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??? ????? ???????. [55] ?? ????? ???? ???????? ??? ???????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ????????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ???????? ?? ???????. [56]

??? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ???????? ????????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ????? ???????? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????? ???????. [57] ???? ?? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ????. ???? ??? ???? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ????????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ????? ???????. [58] [59] [60] ????? ???????? ???? ?????? ?? ?? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ???????. ??? ????? ???? ??????? -32 (PCQL-32) ?? ????? ???? ???????? ?? ???????? ???? ??????? ???????? ????? ??????? (???? ???? ????? ??? ????? ????????). ???? ??? ????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ???????. [61] [62] ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ???????.

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?? ???? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ?????. [63] ??????????? ??????? ????? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????. ???????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????. ???????? ???? ????????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????.

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????? ????? ????? ????? ???????? ???????? ???????. ?? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? ????????? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?? ???? ???????? ??????? ???? ???? ???????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???????. ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ???????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ??????.

???????? ???????? ??? ??????? [ ??? ]

?? ???? ???????? ????????? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????? ????? ???????? ????? ?? ??????? ????????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ??????????? ??????????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????. ?? ??? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ??? ??????? ?? ??????? (??? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?? ???????? ??????? ??????)? ???? ???????. ?? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???????? ?? ??? 2006 [64] ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ????????. ????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ?? ????? ????? ??????. [65]

????? ???? ???????? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ?? ????????? ? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????. ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ???????. ?????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ????. ??? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???????. ?? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ???? (???? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ?? ??? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ???? ????). [66]

?? ???????? ???????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ??? ?????????? ????? ????????. ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????. ???????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ( DO ) ?? ???????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ???????? ?????? ?? ???????? ??????? ????????? . [67] ???? ???? ?? 50 ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ???????. ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ??? 1989? ????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ?? ?? ???? ??? ???. [68] ???? ????????? ?? ???????? ??????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ??????. [69]

?? ???? ????? ???? ????????? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ???????? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ??? 2012.

??????? ???????? ?? ??????? [ ??? ]

?? ???????? ???????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ???????. ?????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ???????? ?????? ????????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????????. ???? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ≪???≫ ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ?? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ?????. [70] ??? ?????? ?? ???? ?? 80% ?? ????? ??????? ?? ???????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???????????. ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ≪?????? ??????? ????????≫ ?≪??????? ???????≫.

???? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ????????. ?????? ?? ????? ?????????? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ????????? ??????? ?????????. ?? ??? 2015? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ≪???? ???????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ??????.≫ [71]

???? [ ??? ]

????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ???? ???? ??? ?????????. ?? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???? 55% ?? ?????????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ?? 100 ???? ?????? ????? ?????? [10] ??? ???? ?? (1 ?? ?? 5) ????? ?????????? ????????? ????? ????? ????? ?????. [72] ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????????.

?? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ?????????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????????. ???? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ??????????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ≪ ????? ?????? ≫ ???? ??????? ????? ???????. ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???????? ?? ????? ????????? ?? ?? ????. [73]

??? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ????????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ??????. [5] ???? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????.

???? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????. ?? ??? ???????? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????????. ???? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????. ?? ???? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??????. ??? ?? ????? ?? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ????????. [74]

????? ??????? ??????? [ ??? ]

??????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? [75] (???? ???? ?? ????? ??????? )? ???? ??????? ???????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????? [76] ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ????????? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ???????? ???? ?????. ??????? ?? ????? ????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????????. [77]

???? ????? [ ??? ]

??????? [ ??? ]

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