???? ??? ????????

???? ??? ????????
	???? GPLv3
??????	????? ????????? ?????
???????	3
???? ?????	????? ????????? ?????? ????????.
?????	29 ????? 2007
?????? ?? ??????? ?????	???
??????? ???	???
?????? ?????? ??????? ????????	???
?????? ?? ?? ?? ??	???
???? ??????	???
??? ??? ??? ???? ????	??
	????? ????? - ?????

???? ??? ???????? ( ??????????? : GNU General Public License? ????? GPL )? ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? . ???? ??? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ??? ???????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ???????? ???? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?? ????? ????????? ????? ? ??????? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ???. ??? ????? ?? ??? ????????? ????? ????????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ?? ?? ????? ?????? ???.

???? ??? ???????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ????????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ????????? ?????. ???? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ??? ????? ????????? .

???? ??? ????? ???????? (AGPL) ???? ????? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ??????. AGPL ????? ????? ??? ????????? ???????? ???? ???? ??????? ????????? ??? ??????? ?????????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? (????? ???? ????). ???? ????? ????????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ??????.

??????? [ ??? ]

??? ???? ??? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? 1989 ??????? ?? ????????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ????? ??? . ???? ??? ???????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ? ????? ??? ? ??????? ?????? ??? . ????? ??? ???????? ?????? ????? ???? ???????? ???????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ??? ???????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ??? ???????. ^[1] ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????? ?????? ?????.

??? ??? ?? ????? ?? GPL ??? ?? ?????? ????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? 1992 ? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ???????.

?? ????? 2007 ??? ???? ??? ???????? ??????? ?????? 65% ?? 43.422 ????? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ? ^[2] ????? ?????? 2006 ? ?????? 68% ?? ?????? ???? ????.?? . ^[3] ???? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ????? 7.1 ??? ?? 50% ?? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ??? ???????? ^[4] ?????? ???? ??????? (???? ???? ????? ??????? ???) ??? 1997 ??? ?? GPL ???? ????? ??? ??? ???????? ?????????. ??? ??? ??????? ???? ????????? ????? ???? ?? ????? 1998 ?? ????? ??? ??? ????????? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ????????. ^[5] ????????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ???????? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? . ??? ????????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ???????? ????? ????.

??? ????????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????? ???????? ???? ???????? ??? ???????? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ???/????? ? ?????? ????????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ????? ????????? ???????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ???????. ^[6]

??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? 2? ????? ?? 1991 . ???? ???? 15 ???? ????? ??? ????? ????? ????????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ????????? ??????? ????? ????? ?? GPL? ???? ????????? ??????? ??? GPL ?? ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?? ??????. ??? ????? ???? ?? ????? ????????? ??????? ??? GPL ?? ???? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??? ?????????? ????/????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ?????????? ?? ???????? ?? ???/?????.

??????? 3 (???? ????? ????? ?? 29 ????? 2007 ) ????? ???? ??? ?????.

????????? [ ??? ]

??????? 1 [ ??? ]

??????? 1 ?? GPL ???? ?? ????? 1989 ? ?????? ???????? ???????? ????? ??? ?????? ????????? ????????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ????????? ?????. ??? ????? ???? ?? ???????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ???????. ???? ???? ??? GPL ??? ?? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ???????.

??????? ??????? ???? ?? ???????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ???????? ?? ??? ????????? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ???????. ??? ?? ???? ??? ????? ????????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ???????? ???? ????? ???????? ??? ????????. ???? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? (???) ??? ?? ???? ??? ???? GPLv1. ?????? ??? ????????? ??????? ??? GPLv1 ???? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?????. ??? ?? ???? ??? ??????? GPL ?? ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ????????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ??????.

??????? 2 [ ??? ]

??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? GPLv2 ??? ??? ≪?????? ?? ?????≫ (??? ?????) ??? ????? 7. ^[7] ??? ????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ????????? ???? ????? ???? ?????????? ???????? (??? ???? ??????? ?? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ????????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???)? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ?????.

????? ??? 1990? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ??? ????? ????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ?????????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? GPL (GPLv2) ?? ????? 1991? ????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ???????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? 2 ?????? ?? ?????? ????????. ??? ????????? ????? ?? ??? 1999 ????? ?????? ?????? 2.1 ?? LGPL ???? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ???.

??????? 3 [ ??? ]

?? ????? 2005 ????? ????? ????????? ????? ????? ??? ??????? 3 ?? GPL (GPLv3). ????? ??? ≪????? ????≫ ?GPL ?? ????? 2006 ???? ?????? ?????. ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ???? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ???? ??????. ?????? GPLv3 ??????? ?? ????? ????????? ????? ?? 29 ????? ? 2007 . ??? GPLv3 ??????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ????????? . ^[8]

??????? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ????????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ????????? ?????? ?????? ≪????? ???????≫? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????????. ^[8]^[9] ??????? ???? ?????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ??????.

?? ????????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????????. ????? ?? ??? ????????? ??????????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ????? GPLv3 ??? ???? ????? ???????? .

???? ????? ????????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ????????? ? ?????? ????????? ????? ?? ?????? ? ^[10] ???????? ??????? ??? ????. ????????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ????? gplv3.fsf.org ^[11] ??????? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ???? . ??? ????????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ????? 130 ???? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? FSF. ??? ?????? ???? ????????? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ???????? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ???????.

????? 962 ????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?????. ^[12] ?? ???????? ?? ?????? 2,636 ????? ?????. ^[13]^[14]^[15]

????? ???????? ??????? ?? 28 ???? 2007 . ^[16] ??? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????????? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ??≪??????≫ ?≪?????? ??????≫. ???? ??????? ???? ??? ≪?????? ?????????≫? ???? ???? ?? ????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ?????.

????? ?????? ???????? ^[17] ???? ???? ???????? ?????? ?? 31 ???? 2007 ? ???? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ? ????? ??? ??? ??????????? ????? ???????? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? 11 ?? ?????? ???????:

≪?? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ?????????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ?????...≫

??? ???? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ????????. ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????????? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ???????? ??????? GPLv3 ????? ??????? GPLv3. ??? ???? ???????? ??? ??? ?????? ????????? ??????? ≪?????≫ ???????? GPLv3. ^[18]^[19]

?????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? 1 ?2. ^[20]

????? [ ??? ]

^ Presentation by Richard Stallman, made on 21 ????? ? 2006 ? at the second international GPLv3 conference, held in Porto Alegre. Direct link to the section about the prehistory of the GPL. ???? ?????? 2009-03-31 ?? Wayback Machine
^ "???? ??????? ??????" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2009-01-07.
^ ???? ????: ????? ????????? ???? ?????? 2017-02-13 ?? Wayback Machine
^ ????? ??. ?????. "????? ??? [???/]?????" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-01-02.
^ Eric S. Raymond’s "Homesteading the Noosphere," referenced in Make Your Open Source Software GPL-Compatible. Or Else ???? ????? ??. ????? ???? ?????? 2017-12-07 ?? Wayback Machine
^ "????? ???? GPL [???/]????? ??? ??????" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-04-06. ??? ?? ??? ?? ?? ?? ????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ??? ?? ????? GPL ???? ?? ??? ????? ????.
^ ??? ????? ???????? ??????? ?? 21 ????? 2006 ? ?? ????? GPLv3 ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? . ???? ?????? ?????? "?????? ?? ?????". "???? ??????" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2009-03-31 . ???? ???? ?????? 2008-11-07 . {{ ??????? ??? }}: ????? ?????????: BOT: original URL status unknown ( link )
^ ^? ^? ??? ????? ???????? ?????? ?? 25 ?????? ? 2006 ?? ?????? ? ?????? - ?? ??? ???? ??? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ????? ??????? ?????? . ???? ?????? 2017-08-25 ?? Wayback Machine
^ ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ? ???? ????????? ?????? 23 ????? 2008. ???? ?????? 2017-11-20 ?? Wayback Machine
^ "GPLv3: ????? ??????? 3 ?? ???? ??? ????????" . ????? ????????? ????? ??????. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2009-04-13.
^ "??????? gplv3.fsf.org ??? ????? ?????? 4" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-01-26.
^ "??????? gplv3.fsf.org ??? ????? ?????? 1" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2016-01-09. ??? ????????? ??? ????? 'gplv3-draft-1' [...] ????? 962
^ "??????? gplv3.fsf.org ??? ????? ?????? 2" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2017-12-06. ??? ????????? ?? ????? 'gplv3-draft-1' [...] ????? 727
^ "??????? gplv3.fsf.org ??? ????? ?????? 3" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2016-01-09. ??? ????????? ?? ????? 'gplv3-draft-3' [...] ????? 649
^ "??????? gplv3.fsf.org ??? ????? ?????? 4" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-01-26. ??? ????????? ?? ????? 'gplv3-draft-4' [...] ????? 298
^ ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ?GPLv3 ???? ?????? 2017-06-05 ?? Wayback Machine
^ ????? ?????? ???????? ? ???? ?? 4 ?????? 2007 ???? ?????? 2018-03-05 ?? Wayback Machine
^ ????? GPLv3 ??????? ? ???? ?? 4 ?????? 2007. ???? ?????? 2017-09-17 ?? Wayback Machine
^ ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ? ???? ?? 4 ?????? 2007 ???? ?????? 2017-03-01 ?? Wayback Machine
^ ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?? GPLv3 ? ???? ?? 4 ?????? 2007 ???? ?????? 2017-12-27 ?? Wayback Machine

????? ?????? [ ??? ]

???? ??? ???????? ??? ???? Free Software Directory (??????????)
???? ??? ???????? 1 ? ?????? ??????????. ??? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ????????? ????? .
???? ??? ???????? 2 ? ?????? ??????????. ??? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ????????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?? ????????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??????.
???? ??? ???????? 3 ? ?????? ??????????.
????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ???????? 2 ?? ???? ??? ????????
???? ?????? ???????? ? ?????? ??????????. ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ????????.

?? ????? ??? ?????? ??: ???? ??? ????????

[gplv3conf2stallman-before-gnu-gpl-1] Presentation by Richard Stallman, made on 21 ????? ? 2006 ? at the second international GPLv3 conference, held in Porto Alegre. Direct link to the section about the prehistory of the GPL. ???? ?????? 2009-03-31 ?? Wayback Machine

[2] "???? ??????? ??????" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2009-01-07.

[3] ???? ????: ????? ????????? ???? ?????? 2017-02-13 ?? Wayback Machine

[4] ????? ??. ?????. "????? ??? [???/]?????" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-01-02.

[5] Eric S. Raymond’s "Homesteading the Noosphere," referenced in Make Your Open Source Software GPL-Compatible. Or Else ???? ????? ??. ????? ???? ?????? 2017-12-07 ?? Wayback Machine

[6] "????? ???? GPL [???/]????? ??? ??????" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-04-06. ??? ?? ??? ?? ?? ?? ????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ??? ?? ????? GPL ???? ?? ??? ????? ????.

[gplv3conf2stallman-liberty-or-death-7] ??? ????? ???????? ??????? ?? 21 ????? 2006 ? ?? ????? GPLv3 ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? . ???? ?????? ?????? "?????? ?? ?????". "???? ??????" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2009-03-31 . ???? ???? ?????? 2008-11-07 . {{ ??????? ??? }}: ????? ?????????: BOT: original URL status unknown ( link )

[fosdem2006stallman-8] ? ^? ??? ????? ???????? ?????? ?? 25 ?????? ? 2006 ?? ?????? ? ?????? - ?? ??? ???? ??? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ????? ??????? ?????? . ???? ?????? 2017-08-25 ?? Wayback Machine

[FSMag-RMS-Interview-9] ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ? ???? ????????? ?????? 23 ????? 2008. ???? ?????? 2017-11-20 ?? Wayback Machine

[10] "GPLv3: ????? ??????? 3 ?? ???? ??? ????????" . ????? ????????? ????? ??????. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2009-04-13.

[11] "??????? gplv3.fsf.org ??? ????? ?????? 4" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-01-26.

[12] "??????? gplv3.fsf.org ??? ????? ?????? 1" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2016-01-09. ??? ????????? ??? ????? 'gplv3-draft-1' [...] ????? 962

[13] "??????? gplv3.fsf.org ??? ????? ?????? 2" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2017-12-06. ??? ????????? ?? ????? 'gplv3-draft-1' [...] ????? 727

[14] "??????? gplv3.fsf.org ??? ????? ?????? 3" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2016-01-09. ??? ????????? ?? ????? 'gplv3-draft-3' [...] ????? 649

[15] "??????? gplv3.fsf.org ??? ????? ?????? 4" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-01-26. ??? ????????? ?? ????? 'gplv3-draft-4' [...] ????? 298

[16] ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ?GPLv3 ???? ?????? 2017-06-05 ?? Wayback Machine

[17] ????? ?????? ???????? ? ???? ?? 4 ?????? 2007 ???? ?????? 2018-03-05 ?? Wayback Machine

[18] ????? GPLv3 ??????? ? ???? ?? 4 ?????? 2007. ???? ?????? 2017-09-17 ?? Wayback Machine

[19] ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ? ???? ?? 4 ?????? 2007 ???? ?????? 2017-03-01 ?? Wayback Machine

[20] ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?? GPLv3 ? ???? ?? 4 ?????? 2007 ???? ?????? 2017-12-27 ?? Wayback Machine

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[8]

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[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

[19]

[20]

? ? ? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????
???	???? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????????? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????
????? ?????	?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ?????
?????	?????? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ??? ???? ?? ?? ??
????? ?????	???? ???? ???? ??? ??? ?? ?? ??
??????	?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???/?????? ? ????????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ??????.???? ????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ????
??????	???? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ?? ???? ??? ???????? ???? ??? ???????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????? ???? ?? ?? ?? ??? ????????? ????? ????????? ???? ?????? ????????
????????	????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????? Secure boot
????? ? ????? ? ?????