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?????????? 54°47′00″N 1°34′00″W  /  54.783333333333°N 1.5666666666667°W  / 54.783333333333; -1.5666666666667   تعديل قيمة خاصية (P625) في ويكي بيانات
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  ????? ??????? ??????? (6 ?????? 1922?) [1] [2]   تعديل قيمة خاصية (P17) في ويكي بيانات
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 ??????? 72.08 ??? ????   تعديل قيمة خاصية (P2046) في ويكي بيانات
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  ??? ?????? 48069 (2011)   تعديل قيمة خاصية (P1082) في ويكي بيانات
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DH1  تعديل قيمة خاصية (P281) في ويكي بيانات
??? ?????? 0191  تعديل قيمة خاصية (P473) في ويكي بيانات
??? ??????? 2650628   تعديل قيمة خاصية (P1566) في ويكي بيانات
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???? ??? ??? (???????)  - ????????? ?????  تعديل قيمة خاصية (P935) في ويكي بيانات
????? ????? - ?????   طالع توثيق القالب
  ?????? ????? ???? ??? (?????) .
????????? ???

???? [4] ( ??????????? : Durham )? ????? ?? ???????? ? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ? ??? ???? ????? 427 ?? (267 ?????) ??? ?????? ?? ???? ? ?????? 27 ?? (17 ?????) ??? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? . ?? ????? ?????? ???. ???? ????? ??? ? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ??? 1832 .

??? ????? ?? ????? ???????. ?????? ?? ????? ?????????? ??????? ??? ?? ( ??????????? : dun )? ????? ???? ???????? ?? ???????? ??????? ??? ???? ( ??????????? : holme )? ??? ???? ?????.

?? ???? ????

??????? [ ??? ]

??????? ?????? [ ??? ]

???? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ????????? ?? ??????? ??? ????? 2000 ??? ???????. [5] ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??? ??? 995 ??? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ????????? ??? ??????? ???????????? ??????? ????? ????????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ????. [6] ?????? ?????? ????? ???????

?????? ????? ?????? (?? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ???????????) [ ??? ]

Legend of the founding of Durham (from a carving on the south side of the cathedral)

???? ???????? ??????? ?? ??????? ????? ??? 995 ? ?? ???? ?????? ??????. ???? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ?????. [7] ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ??????. [8] ???? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??? ????. [8] ??? ????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??? ????. [8]

?????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ????????? ??????? ????? ??? 1593 ????? ??? ????? ?????. [9] ????? ???? ????????? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ???????? ????? ???? ?? ??? ??? (???? ??? ?????? ???????). ???? ???? ???? ???? ?? ???? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ????. ???? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ??????. [8] ??????? ?? ≪????? ??≫ ????? - ???? ????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ???. [8] ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ????????? ?????? ???? ???. [8] ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ???? ????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ???????. ?? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? 998. [7] ?? ??? ????? ??? ?? ?? ???? ? ????? ?????????? .

??? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ????????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? "Durham Cow" (1997? ????? ??????)? ????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ???? ???????????.

????? ?????? ?????? [ ??? ]

A map of the city from 1610

????? ??????? ?? ??? 1610???? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ????????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? . ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ???????? ??? 1170. [6]

????? ?????? ?????? ??????. ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ????? ???????. ??? ??? ??? ?? ????? ?? ≪?????? ????????? ???????≫. [6] ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? 698 ?? ???? ?? ???? ??? ???? ?????? . [10] ???? ????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????????? [11] the saint's relics have remained enshrined to the present day. [12] ? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ???. ??? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ??????????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ???????. [6]

?????? ????? ???? ?????? ???????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ????????????. ???? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????????? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ??? ???????. [13] [14] ?? ??? 1314? [15] ???? ?????? ?????? ???????????? ≪?????? ?????? ?? ?????≫ ???? ??? ??????. ???? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? 17 ?????? 1346 ??? ???????? ? [16] ???????????? ????? ????? ????? ????????????.

???? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? 1544 ? 1589 ? 1598. [17]

???????? ?????? [ ??? ]

???? ??????? ??????? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ≪???? ?? ??????? ???????≫ [18] ??? ??? ???????? ???????? ????? ?? ≪???? ???? ????≫. [7] ??? ???? ????? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ???????? ? [5] ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ???????? ?????? [6] ????? ?????? ??????? [7] ?????? ??????? ??????? ? ????? ???????? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ????????? [16] ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ????????? ?? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???. ???? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ??? 1299 ??? ???????: ≪???? ????? ?? ???????? ??? ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????. ????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ??????≫. [21] ?? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??????. [16] ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??? ???????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ???????. [19]

???? ???? ??????? ??? ???????? ??? ??? 1832 ????? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ?? 1071 ??? 1836 ?????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? (?? ?????? ????? 1071-1080)? ????? ?? ?????? [?? ??? ???] ??? ??? ???? ????. ??? ????? ?? ?? ????? ≪???? ????≫ ?? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ????? ????????. ???? ????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???????? [?? ??? ???] ?? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? 1832. ??? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ??????-?????? ???? ?? ??? 1538 ?????? ???? ?????? ???????.

??? ??? ????? ???????? ??? ???? ???????? ?? ≪?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????????≫

???? ?????? [ ??? ]

??? ??? ???????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ????? Chancery ?? ?????? Palatine ?? ?????? ? Sadberge. ??? ???????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ??? [20] ???? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ???????? ?? ??? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ???? ?? ????? (1873).</ref> [ ????? ???????? ] [14] [21] ????? ??? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? 1873. ???? ????? 2 ?? ????? ?????? (?????? ???????) 1836 ??????? 41 ?? ????? ??????? 1971 ????.

????? ??????? ???? ????????? (1640 ??? 1660) [ ??? ]

View of Durham Cathedral and its surroundings c. 1850

???? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??? ?. 1850 ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????????? - ?? ??? 1642 ??? ????? ????? ??? 1649. ??? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?? 1625 ??? 1649. ?????? ??? ??? 1633 [22] ??? ??????????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????. ???? ???? ??????????? ???? ???????? ??????? (1639). [23] ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ???????. ??? ?? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????. [24] [25] ?????? ????? [26] ???? ??? ??? ??? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?????. ???? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ????? ???????. ?????? ?????? [???] ?? ???? ???????. ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? (1642 - 1651) ?????????? (1649-1660). ?? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ???. ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????????? ???? ????????.

????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ????????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? (???? ??? ??? ??????). ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?? ??????. ??? ??????????? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ??? 1650 ???????? ???? 3000 ???? ????????. ?? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????.

?? ??????? ??? 1660 ?? ????? ??? ????? (?????? ??????) ?????? (?? ??????: 1660-1672) ???? ?? ????? ????? ????. ???? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????. [27] ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??? (?? ?????: 1674-1721) ??????? ???? ?? ?? ?? ??????? ????????????.

????? ?? 18 [ ??? ]

?? ??? 1720? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ???????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? . ?? ??? ??? ?? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ??????????? ??????? ???????. [28]

??? ???? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ??????. ?? ??? 1758? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ???????? ????? ??? ??? ??? ????. ???? ??? ?? ????? ??? ????? ?? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????. [29]

?? ??? 1787 ?? ????? ?????? ??????. [17]

??? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ???????.

????? ??19 [ ??? ]

Durham Cathedral and castle as seen from the river bank whilst a boat race takes place between University College, Durham and ????? ???????

???? ????????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? 1832 ????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ????????. ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? 1835 ???? ????? ??????? ????? ??????. [30] ?? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? (?????? ???????) ???? 1836 ???? ??? ?????. [31] [32]

????? ????? ????? ???? 2000 ?????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ???? ??? ??? ?? ????? ???????. [6] ???? ????? ????????? ???? 1953 ???? ???????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ???????? [33] ??? ???? ???????. [34]

??? ????? ????? ??? 1801? ??? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? 7100. ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ????????. ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????. ??? ????? ?? ?? ???? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ???????? ??????? ?? ????????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? 2005 ??? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????. [35]

??? ???? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ???????? ??? ??????????. ????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ?? ???????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??? ?? ???????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ?????.

??? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? 1832. ????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? [44] (?????? ???????? ??????) ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ????????. ??? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? (?????? ???? ???????? ??????) ?? ??? 1846 ?????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????.

??? ??? ?????? ????? ????? 5000 ???? ???? ?? ??? 1871 ?? ?????? ????? [36] ??? ???? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ??????.

????? ?? 20 [ ??? ]

?? ??? ???? ?? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??? 1927? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ????????. ??? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ????. ????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ???????. ?? ????? ?????????? ??? ????? ??????????? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ???????. ?? ????? ????? Trevelyan ? Van Mildert ? Collingwood ? Gray ? ??? ????? ????? ????? ?????? St Aidan ? St Mary ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? Bailey. ???? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ??? 1979 ???? ???? ???? ???? ????? ????. ???? ????????? ??????????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????. ?? ???? Dunelm House ???????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? Elvet Riverside ???? ????? ??? ????? ????????? ?????? ????????. ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ???????? ?? ???? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ?? ??? 1924 ????? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ???? ??????. [37]

?????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ???????? ?????? ???????????. ?? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ???????? ???????? ??? ????? ?? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ???? 30 ???? 1942 ??? ??? ???? ???????? ??????? ≪???? ???? ??????≫. ??? ??? ??? ?? Luftwaffe ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?? ??????? ????? ???? Cuthbert ?????? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ????????????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????. [47] ?????? ???? ?????? ????????? ??? ????? ????? ???????. ?? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ???????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ????? ????? "Fogscape # 03238" ?? ?????? ?????? 2015. [38]

?? ????? ≪???? ?????????? ??????≫ ????? ???? ????? ???????? ?? ??? 1986. [39] ??? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ≪????????? ?????? [?????] ???? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ????≫ ?????? ≪?? ???????≫? ???? ??????????? ???? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??????. ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????. [40]

?????? [ ??? ]

??? ???? ??????? ???????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? . ?? [41] ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? 1,125 ?????? (44 ????) [42] ???????? ???? ????? 122 ????? ??? [41] ??? ???? ???? ?? 1 ?????? (0.04 ????) ??????? ???? ??????? ?????? 154.4 ?????. [42] ???? ??????? ?? ??????? 1445.4 ???? ?? ???? ????? ?? ?????? [41] ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? 1125.0 ????. <??? ?????? = ≪???? ??????? ???????≫ /> ???? ???? ?? 51.5 ????? [41] ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? 55.6 ?????. [42] 12.5 °? (54.5 °?) and 5.2 °? (41.4 °?) [41] 12.1 °? (53.8 °?) and 5.1 °? (41.2 °?) [42] 32.5 °? (90.5 °?) [43]

????? [ ??? ]

???? (???????) ???????? ????? ?? ?? ??:

????? [ ??? ]

???? ????? ????????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????

????? [ ??? ]

  1. ^   تعديل قيمة خاصية (P1566) في ويكي بيانات"???? ??? (???????) ?? GeoNames ID" . GeoNames ID . ???? ???? ?????? 2024-06-08 .
  2. ^   تعديل قيمة خاصية (P982) في ويكي بيانات "???? ??? (???????) ?? ????? ?????" . MusicBrainz area ID . ???? ???? ?????? 2024-06-08 .
  3. ^ https://www.banskabystrica.sk/zivot-v-meste/o-meste/partnerske-mesta/ . {{ ??????? ??? }} : |url= ????? ?????? ( ?????? ) ? ?????? |title= ??? ????? ?? ???? (?? ???? ??????) ( ?????? )
  4. ^ ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? 2017-06-28 ?? Wayback Machine
  5. ^ ? ? Surtees, R. (1816) History and Antiquities of the County Palatine of Durham (Classical County Histories)
  6. ^ ? ? ? ? ? ? Liddy? Christian D (2008). The Bishopric of Durham in the Late Middle Ages: Lordship, Community and the Cult of St. Cuthbert . Boydell Press. ISBN : 978-1-84383-377-2 .
  7. ^ ? ? ? ? Symeon of Durham, Libellus de exordio atque procurso istius, hoc est Dunhelmensis (Tract on the origins and progress of this the church of Durham)
  8. ^ ? ? ? ? ? ? Dufferwiel, Martin (2004/1996). Durham: Over 1,000 Years of History and Legend . Edinburgh: Mainstream Publishing. ( ???? 9781840189148 ). Chapter 1, "Beginnings". ???? ?????? 2020-08-01 ?? Wayback Machine
  9. ^ Fowler, Joseph Thomas (1891). "Preface", in Fowler (Ed.), The Life of St. Cuthbert in English Verse, C. A.D. 1450: From the Original Ms. in the Library at Castle Howard . Publications of the Surtees Society, vol. 87. Durham: Andrews & Co., for the Society. p. xi. ???? ?????? 2020-08-03 ?? Wayback Machine
  10. ^ Missale Romanum (Roman missal)
  11. ^ The Lives of the Saints as contained in the "New English Missal"
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  13. ^ Brown, Nicholas (1931) Durham Castle
  14. ^ ? ? Richardson? Michael (2007). Durham City: Past & Present . Breedon Books Publishing Co Ltd. ISBN : 978-1-85983-581-4 .
  15. ^ Maxwell? Sir Herbert (1913). The Chronicle of Lanercost . Macmillan and Co. ?. 210.
  16. ^ ? ? ? Gray? Sir Thomas (2005). Scalacronica . Boydell Press. ?. 137.
  17. ^ ? ? "Archived copy" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-05-31 . ???? ???? ?????? 2019-05-31 . {{ ??????? ??? }} : ????? ?????????: ??????? ?????? ( link )
  18. ^ The Forms of Precidents of the Catholic Church as contained in the Catholic Encyclopaedia (1919)
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  20. ^ "BISHOPRIC OF DURHAM ? Hansard, 10 June 1836" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2009-06-25 . ???? ???? ?????? 2009-12-03 .
  21. ^ Compare: Whitehead? Tony (2000). Mary Ann Cotton, Dead, But Not Forgotten . T. Whitehead. ISBN : 9780953961405 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-08-01 . ???? ???? ?????? 2018-07-03 .
  22. ^ Dufferwiel? Martin (1996). "10: The King, the Covenanters and Oliver Cromwell". Durham: Over 1,000 Years of History and Legend (?. reprint). Edinburgh: Random House (????? ?? 2011). ISBN : 9781780573946 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-08-01 . ???? ???? ?????? 2019-10-30 . [...] an account of the King's first visit to Durham. The occasion arose in 1633 during Charles's journey north to Edinburgh and his coronation on the throne of Scotland.
  23. ^ Dufferwiel? Martin (1996). "10: The King, the Covenanters and Oliver Cromwell". Durham: Over 1,000 Years of History and Legend (?. reprint). Edinburgh: Random House (????? ?? 2011). ISBN : 9781780573946 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-08-01 . ???? ???? ?????? 2019-10-30 . [...] the occasion of Charles's second visit to Durham. On 29 April 1639, he was again received [...] at Raby Castle [...]. He then proceeded to Durham where he remained while forces of horse and foot were raised in readiness for the march to the border.
  24. ^ Noble? Mark (1798). The Lives of the English Regicides: And Other Commissioners of the Pretended High Court of Justice, Appointed to Sit in Judgement Upon Their Sovereign, King Charles the First . J. Stockdale. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-08-01 . ???? ???? ?????? 2019-10-30 .
  25. ^ Compare: Dufferwiel? Martin (1996). "10: The King, the Covenanters and Oliver Cromwell". Durham: Over 1,000 Years of History and Legend (?. reprint). Edinburgh: Random House (????? ?? 2011). ISBN : 9781780573946 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-08-01 . ???? ???? ?????? 2019-10-30 . [...] in 1647, he would make his final visit to Durham as a prisoner on his way south to his eventual trial and execution.
  26. ^ Deary? Terry (2001). Deadly Durham . County Durham Books. ISBN : 978-1-897585-64-1 .
  27. ^ http://www.durham.ac.uk ???? ?????? 21 ????? 2002 ?? Wayback Machine (see University College homepage)
  28. ^ Simpson? David. "Market Place, Silver Street and Saddler Street (Durham City)" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2009-02-09 . ???? ???? ?????? 2009-07-23 .
  29. ^ Blake, D. (1998) The North East
  30. ^ Northern Europe: International Dictionary of Historic Places . Routledge. 28 ?????? 2013. ?. 240. ISBN : 978-1884964015 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-12-12 . ???? ???? ?????? 2019-11-05 .
  31. ^ "The Bishops of Durham" . Dicese of Durham. 11 ????? 2013. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-10-28 . ???? ???? ?????? 2019-11-05 .
  32. ^ The Statutes of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland . His Majesty's Statute and Law Printers. 1836. ?.  130 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-08-02. bishop of durham temporal Powers by Palatine Act 1836.
  33. ^ The Canons of the Church of England
  34. ^ The Proceedings of the Court of Claims at the Coronation of Her Majesty Elizabeth II
  35. ^ Simpson? David (2006). Durham City . Business Education Publishers Ltd. ISBN : 978-1-901888-50-8 .
  36. ^ Dufferwiel? Martin (1996). Durham: A Thousand Years of History and Legend . Edinburgh and London: Mainstream Publishing. ?.  167 ?169. ISBN : 1-85158-885-X .
  37. ^ Pevsner? Nikolaus? Williamson? Elizabeth (1985). The Buildings of England: Durham . Yale University Press. ?. 231?249. ISBN : 978-0-300-09599-9 .
  38. ^ "Fogscape #03238" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2017-01-11 . ???? ???? ?????? 2016-11-03 .
  39. ^ "Top 5 Heritage Attractions in and around Durham" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-10-31 . ???? ???? ?????? 2019-10-31 .
  40. ^ Centre, UNESCO World Heritage. "Durham Castle and Cathedral" . whc.unesco.org (???????????). Archived from the original on 2016-06-22 . Retrieved 2016-11-03 .
  41. ^ ? ? ? ? ? Durham 1971?2000 averages ???? ?????? 16 ?????? 2015 ?? Wayback Machine , ???? ??????? ?????? . Retrieved on 20 August 2007.
  42. ^ ? ? ? ? UK 1971?2000 averages ???? ?????? 5 ????? 2009 ?? Wayback Machine , ???? ??????? ?????? . Retrieved on 20 August 2007.
  43. ^ "1990 temperature" . ????? ??? . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2011-07-29 . ???? ???? ?????? 2011-11-11 .
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