?????? ?????? ????????

??????	???? ?????? ?????? ????????
???????	?????? ????????

?????? ?????? ???????? ( ??????????? : Science and technology studies )? (STS) ?? ??????? ??????? ???????? ( ??????????? : science, technology, and society )? ??? ?????? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ?? ???????? ????????? ????????? ???????????. ^[1]

??????? [ ??? ]

???? ?????? ?????? ???????????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ????????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ???????????? ??????? ????? ????????? ???? ???? ???? ????????? ??????????? ?? ????? ???????. ???? ???? ????? ???????? ??? ???????? ???????? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ????????? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ????????? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ??? (1935) ???? ??????? ??????? ????????? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ???????? ????????. ??? ?????????? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? (?? ?? ??) ?? ???? ?????????? ??????????? (?? ?? ??)? ????? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? 2011 ?????? 111 ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? (?? ?? ??) ?? ???? ????? ?????? ^[2]

???????? ???????? [ ??? ]

????? ???????????? ????? ???? ??????????? ?? ??????? ????????? ?????????? ??? ????? ??? ???????? ?? ??????? ???????????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????/?????????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ???????. ??? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ???????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ????.
????? ?????? ???????? (1960). ??? ?? ??? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ≪???? ??????? ???????≫ ?? ??? 1962? ????? ???? ??? ????????? ??????? ?? ???????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ?? ????? ?????? ????????? ???? ?? ????? ?????.
??????? ???????????? ????????. ????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?? ???????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ????????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ????????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ???????? ??????? ???????? ?????? (??? ?????? ??????)? ??? ??? ???? ??? ????????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ???????????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ????????. ?????? ????? ???????? ?? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??????????????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ???? ???????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ???????????? ?? ?????. ???? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???????????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? .
?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?? ?????????? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ???????????? ????????? ??? ?? ?????? ???????????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????.

????? ???? ??????? ???????????? ???????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ???????????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ???????. ??? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ????????????. ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ????????? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????. ?? ??? ??? ????? ??? ????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ??? ???????? ?????? ??? ???????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ???????????? ????????.

???? ?????? ????? ?? ???????? ??????? ? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????????? ???????????? ?? ????? ???????? ?????? ????? ????????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ????????. ???? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ???????? ??????? ?????? ????????????.

????? ?? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ????????? ???? ????? ???? ???????? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ????????.

?????? ??? ??????????? (??? ???? ???) [ ??? ]

?? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ????????????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????????? ?? ????? ??????????? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ???? ?????? (?????? ??? ???????????):

?? ??????? ?????????? ??????????? (??????? ????????? 1985) ??????? ?????????? ????? ??????????? (???? ????? ????? ?? ??? 1987). ???? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????????. ??? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ????? ??? ???????? ???????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ???? ???? ???????? ?????????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ????????? ???? ?????? ??? ???????? ???????? ???????. ???? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????????? ???????????.

??? ???? (?????? ??? ???????????) ??? ????? ????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???????????? ???????. ??? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ????????? ?????? ????????/??????. ?????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???????????? ???? ?????? (??? ???? ??? ???????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????) ????????? ??????? (??? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??. ?????? ???? ???? ???????). ^[3]

??????? [ ??? ]

^ Hackett? Edward J.? Clarke? Adele E.? Amsterdamska? Olga? Lynch? Michael E.? Wajcman? Judy? Sismondo? Sergio? Bijker? Wiebe E.? Turner? Stephen? Thorpe? Charles? Latour? Bruno (2007). The Handbook of Science and Technology Studies . Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. ?. 1. ISBN : 9780262274685 .
^ The STS Wiki . ???? ?????? 30 ?????? 2018 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? . ^{[
???? ??????
]}
^ Andrew Webster - Sociology, The University of York ???? ?????? 3 ?????? 2019 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .

?? ????? ??? ?????? ??: ?????? ?????? ????????

[1] Hackett? Edward J.? Clarke? Adele E.? Amsterdamska? Olga? Lynch? Michael E.? Wajcman? Judy? Sismondo? Sergio? Bijker? Wiebe E.? Turner? Stephen? Thorpe? Charles? Latour? Bruno (2007). The Handbook of Science and Technology Studies . Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. ?. 1. ISBN : 9780262274685 .

[2] The STS Wiki . ???? ?????? 30 ?????? 2018 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? . ^{[
???? ??????
]}

[3] Andrew Webster - Sociology, The University of York ???? ?????? 3 ?????? 2019 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .

[1]

[2]

[3]

???? ??????

? ? ? ?????? ?????? ????????
??????	????????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ???????
?????	????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????? ????? ???????
?????	???????????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ????? ?????????
??? ????????	????? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ??? ???????? ?????
?????? ??????	?????? ????? ????? ??????????? ???????? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ????????? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ?????????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? STEM
?????? ???????	????? ????? ???????????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ???????? ???????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ???? ???? ?????????? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ???????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ???????
?????	?????? ?????????? ???? ????????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? 10 ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ???????? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ??????????? ????? ????????
??????: ???? ????? ?????? ????? ???????: ?????? ?????? ????????

? ? ? ?????? ??????????
?????
?????	??? ??????? ( ??? ?????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ) ?????? ( ???? ??? ????? ????? ) ??????? ( ?????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ) ????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ( ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ??? ) ??????? ( ??? ???????? ) ???? ?????? ( ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ) ??? ????? ( ????????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ) ??? ???????? ( ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????? )
????? ????????	????? ( ????? ???? ) ??? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ( ???? ???????? ?????? ) ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???????? ???????? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ????????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ( ???????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????????? ) ????? ( ??????? ??????? ?????? ???? ) ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ???????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ???????? ?????? ?????
??????? ????	???? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ????????
????? ?????

? ? ? ???? ???????? ?????
?????? ?????	???????????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ???????????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ???????
???? ?????? ???	??? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ???????? ????? ???? ???????? ????? ????????? ????????? ?????? thermo ???? ????? ????? ???????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ???????? ?????? ecology zoology ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??? ????????? studies ??? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???? studies
?????????	????? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???????? ????? ???????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ????????? ????? ????? ?????? spatial ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????
?????:????? ?????:???? ???????? ????? ?????:?????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ????? ???????? ???????? ??????? Journals Research institutes ?????:????? ???????? ??????