??? ???

?? ?????????? ???????? ?????

????? ????????? [1] [2] ?? ??????? ????????? [3] ( ??????????? : dental floss )? ?? ???????? [?] ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ??? ??????? ? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????. [4] ??????? ????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ????? ???????? ??? ???????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ???????? ?? ??? ???????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ????? ???? ? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? . [5]

??? ????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ???????? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ????????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ???? ????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ???????? ???. [6] ??? ??? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ???????? ?? ??? ???????? ???????? ??? ??????? ?? ???????. ??? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ????????? ?? 80% ?? ??? ???????? ???? ?????? ????? ???????? ??? ???????. ??? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ????? ??????? ?????. [7]

??????? [ ??? ]

??????? [ ??? ]

??? ???????

????? ????? ??? (???? ???? ??????)? ??? ???? ????? ?? (??????? ???????)?? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ???????. [8] ???? ??? ?? ??? 1819 ??? ???? ???????? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ???????? ???????? ??? ???????? ???? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ? ???????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????. [9] [10] ???????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ?????. [8] ??? ????? ???????? ?????? ??? ??? 1882? ???? ????? ???? ????? (?????? ????????) ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ??????. [11] ??? ???1898 ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ???????? ??????? ????? ????????. [11]

??? ????? ????? ???????? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ≪?????? ????≫ ??? ????? ≪???????≫ (????? 1918?1920). ???? ???? ???? ????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ???????? ??????? .??? ???? ????????? ≪??????.??.???≫ ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ???????? ???????. [11] ??? ???? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ???????? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ??????. [11]

????????? [ ??? ]

???? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?? ??? ???????

??? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ??? ??????? ????? ???????? ???? ?????? ????? ????????? ??????? ??? ???????. [12] ??? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ??????? ????????? ????? ????? ?? 10-100 ??? ?? ?????. ???? ??? ????? 40 ?? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?? ???? ??????.

??? ??? ???? ????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ????? 1-2 ?? ?? ????? ??? ??? ????????. ??? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ??? C ???? ?? ?????. ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ??????? ???????? ????????.

?? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ??? ??????? ???? ???????? ??? ?? ?????. ????? ???????? ????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ?????. [13]

????? ???? ??????? [ ??? ]

???? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????. ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ??????. ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ??? ???????? ??? ???????? ?? ?????? ???????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ?? ???????? ??? ????????. ????????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ???????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ?????????.

??????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ?????. ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????. ??? ????? ???????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ??????? [14] ???? ??? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ? / ?? ?????? ???????? . ??? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ??????????? ???? ??? ???????? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ???????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????. ??? ????? ??? ??? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ????????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ???????. [14]

?? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ?? ?????? [15] ???? ???? ?? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????. ??????? ???? ??? ???????? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ?? ??? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?? ??? ???????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ???: [14]

????? ??????? ???? ????? (F) ?(Y)
  • ??? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ????????.
  • ???? ????? ??????? ????.
  • ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ???????.
  • ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ????? ??? ???? ????? ???????? ?? ??.

?? ??? ??? ????????? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ?????. ?? ??????? ??? ??? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????.

??? ????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?? ?????.???? ?? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ???????????? ??????? ????. ?? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ??? ?? ???????? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ??????. [14]

?? ????? (????????? ????? ?????????? ?????????????) ?? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? [14] ??? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ??? ???????.

???? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ??????? ??? ?? ???: [14]

????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ???????? ???? ??? ???????
  • ????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ????.
  • ????? ?????? ?????????????? ???? ??????????????????? ?????.
  • ????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?????.

??? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??? ???????. [14]

?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ????????? ????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ???????? ????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ????????? / ??? ?????????
??? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ???????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ????????? ???????? ?? ?????. ????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ???????? ????? ??? ????? ????????. ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ???????. ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????????? ????????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ????
??? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ???????? ????? ??? ????? ???????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ???????. ??? ????? ??????. ????????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ????.
???? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????????. ????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ???????? ????? ??? ????? ???????? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ???????. ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ????????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ????.
???????/??? ????? ??????? ???????/????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ???????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ??????. ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ???????? ???? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?? ???? ????? ???????? (????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ?????). ????????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ????
???? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ??? Y?F. ????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ???????.

???? ?? ??????? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ???????? ????????. ?? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ???????.

????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ???????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??? ??? ???????. ??? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????????? (???? ??? ??????) ????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ???????? ??? ????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ?? ???????
???? ????? ???? ?? ???????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?????. ??? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ??? ???????? ??? ??????? ??????: ????? ?????? ?? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ?? ??????? (???? ???????????? ?? ????? ???????)? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ?? ??????? ???? ???????? ??? ????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ?? ???????

??? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ???????. [14]

??? ??????? ???? ???? ???????
?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ???????? ???????????? ????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ???? ???? ???????? ?????????????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ???????? ????? ????????? ?????? ??????
???? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ?? ??? ?? ???????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ??? ???????.

????? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ????????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ???????.

????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ??? ???????.

???????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ????

?? ???? ??? ?? ????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ???? ?????.

? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ?? ????? ??? ???? ???????.

????? ????? [ ??? ]

????? ????? ?? ??????? ????????? ?? ??????? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? [16] ???? ????? ???? ???????. [17] ??? ????? ?????? 2012 ??????? ?? ??????? ????? ???????? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?????. ?? ??? ???????? ??? ???????? ??12 ????? ?? ??????? ????? ???????? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ?? 10 ?????? ??? ?? ??????? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ???????? ?????? ?? ??? ?? 1 ??? 3 ????." [18]

???? ??????? ?? ????11 ????? ??? 2008 ?? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????. [19] ??? ???????? ??? ??"??? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ???????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ??????". " [19] ????? ????????? ???? ?? " ????????? ????????? ???????? ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ????? ". [19] ??? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ???????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ?????. [19] ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ????????? ?????? ?? ?? ????. [20]

????????? ??? ?????? [ ??? ]

??? ????? ?? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ??? (?????? ????? ????????? ???????? ???????)? ??? ?? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ???. [21] ?????????? ????? ????????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?? ??? ???????. [21] ??? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ?????. [21] ??? ???? ??? ?? ???? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ????????? ?????? ???????? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???????. [22]

???????? ??? ?? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????. [23]

??????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? [ ??? ]

??? ??????? ?? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ???????? ????????? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ???????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ????? ?? ???????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?????????? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ???????? ??? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??? ???????. [24]

?????? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ??????? ??? ???????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ?? ??? ???? ???????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ???????? ???? ???? ???????? ?? ???????? ???????. [25]

??? ????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ?????????? ??? ??????? ??? ?? ??????? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ???????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??? ????????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ???????. [24]

?? ??????? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ??????? [24] ? ??? ????? ???????? ???????? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??? ?????. ??? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ?? ???????? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ???????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ???????. [24]

???? ????? [ ??? ]

???? ?????

??? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ????. [26] ???? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??? ???????. ???? ????????? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ???????.

????? ??? ??????? [ ??? ]

???? ??? ?? ????? (F)
???? ??? ?? ????? (Y)

????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?? ????????? ?????? ?????. ??? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ??????????? ????? ???????. ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ????????. ????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ???????. ????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?"Y "??????? ???? ??"F"??????? ?? ????? ??? ???????. ??? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ??"Y"?????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ????????? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ???????. ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????????. ??? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ??????????? ?? ???????? ????????. [27]

????? ???? ??? ??????? [ ??? ]

??? ?.???????? ??? 1888 ?????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ≪?????? ????? ???????≫. [28] ? ????? ?.????? ?? ??? 1916 ????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ????????. [29]

?? ??? 1935 ??????? ?? ????? ???????? ??????? ??????????? (Y) ????? ?? ???????. [30] ??? ??????. ??????????1963 ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? (F) ?????. [31] ? ?? ??? 1972 ??? ??????? (????????????)?????? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????. [32] ? ?? ??? ????? ??? ????? ??? ???? (?????????????)?????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ?????. [33] ?? ????? ??? 1980 ???? ??? ??????? ???? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?????.

????? ?????? [ ??? ]

????????? [ ??? ]

  1. ^ ??? ??? ??? ????? ?? ?????? [1]

??????? [ ??? ]

  1. ^ ? ? ???? ???? ?????? (2009). ?????? ????? ??????: ??????? - ????? - ???? (???????? ??????????? ?????????) (?. ???????). ?????: ????? ????? ?????? ? ????? ????? ???????? . ?. 512. ISBN : 978-9953-86-482-2 . OCLC : 978161740 . QID : Q113466993 .
  2. ^ ???? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ???????? (???????? ???????????)? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ?. 236? QID : Q110874466
  3. ^ ???? ???????? ? ???? ???????? (2008). ?????? ??????: ????? ??????? ???? (???????? ???????????) (?. 1). ?????: ??? ????? ???????? . ?. 330. ISBN : 978-9953-63-541-5 . OCLC : 405515532 . OL : 50197876M . QID : Q112315598 .
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