???? ?????

???? ????? ?? ????? ??? ???????
??? ?? ????? ???????? ?????? ? ???? ???? ????????
	??????? ????????? ???? ???? ?????
??????? ????
???????	7 ?????? ? 1915 ??? 29 ????? ? 1916
??????	?????? ; 32°30′20″N 45°49′29″E / 32.505555555556°N 45.824722222222°E
???????	??? ??????
??????????
??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ?????????? ; ????? ??????????	?????? ?????????
??????
?????? ???????	???? ??? ; ??? ????? ????
?????
31,000	31,000 - 41,000
???????
23,000 ???? ?? ????? ; 8,000 ????	10,000 ???? ?? ????
	????? ????? - ?????

???? ????? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ?????? . ???? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ???????? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? . ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??????? (Mesopotamian Expeditionary Force) ?? ???????????? ?????????? (MEF) ?????? ???? ?????? ????????? .

????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ???? ? ??? ????? ???? ?? ???? ???????. ???? ??? ??? 350 ?? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ???? 170 ?? ?? ????? . ?? 1915 ??? ?????? ??? 6,500 ????.

?????? [ ??? ]

???? ?????? ????????? ?????????? ?? 7 ?????? 1915 ?????? ???? ???? ? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ???????? ????? ??????? . ??? ????? ?????? ????????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????? ???? 11,000 ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? - ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ??? - ????? ??? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ????. ???? ????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ????? ??? ?? ??? 12 ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? 1883 ??? 1895. ??? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ????????? ???? ??????? ?????. ???? ?????? ?? ????? ? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ???????? ???? ? ??? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????.

??? ??? ?? ??????? ???? ???????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ????? ???????? ???????. ??? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? - ???? ??? - ?? ?? ???? ???? ?? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ??? ??? ??????. ??? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ???????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ???? (??? ???? ????? ?????? ?????).

????? ????? ??? [ ??? ]

????? ?????? [ ??? ]

????? ???? [ ??? ]

??? ???? ??? ?????????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ???????. ??????? ?????????? ?? ????? ???? ???? 2700 ???? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????. ^[1]

??????? ????? ????????? [ ??? ]

???? ?????? ??????????? ???? ?????????? ??? ??????. ??? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ???????. ??? ??????????? 2 ????? ???? ????????.

???? ????? ???????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ?????????.

?????? ?? ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ???????. ??? ???? ???? ???? ??? ?????. ^[2]

??? ??? ??????????? ???????? ?? ?????. ??????? ???????? ????? ??????? ?? 20,000 ?? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ?????. ??? ????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ????? 1916 ??? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ???????????. ^[3]

??? ?????? ????????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ???? ≪????????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ???????? ???????.≫ ^[4] ??? ??????? ???????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ??? 26? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? 29 ????? 1916 ??? ???? ??? 147 ?????. ??? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? 13,000 ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ????. 70% ?? ?????? ?????????? ?50% ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ???????? ?? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ?????. ??? ???????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ? ????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ???? ????.

?????? ??? ?????? ???????? ??? ????? ????????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ≪?????? ?? ??? ???????≫.

???? ???? [ ??? ]

???? ???? ???

??????? [ ??? ]

^ Baker? Chris. "The Battle of the Hanna (21 January 1916)" . The Long, Long Trail . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2008-08-28 . ???? ???? ?????? 2014-08-05 .
^ David Fromkin, A Peace to End all Peace , p. 201
^ Cyril Falls, The Great War , p. 249
^ Jan Morris (22 ?????? 2010). Farewell the Trumpets . Faber & Faber. ?. 3?4. ISBN : 978-0-571-26598-5 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-12-21.

?? ????? ??? ?????? ??: ???? ?????

[1] Baker? Chris. "The Battle of the Hanna (21 January 1916)" . The Long, Long Trail . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2008-08-28 . ???? ???? ?????? 2014-08-05 .

[2] David Fromkin, A Peace to End all Peace , p. 201

[3] Cyril Falls, The Great War , p. 249

[Morris2010-4] Jan Morris (22 ?????? 2010). Farewell the Trumpets . Faber & Faber. ?. 3?4. ISBN : 978-0-571-26598-5 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-12-21.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

? ? ? ????? ?????? ????????? ?? ????? ???????
????? ????????? ????????? (1911?12)	??????? ???? ???????? ??????? ???? (???? ???????) ????? ???? ???? ????????? ???? ????
???? ??????? (1912?13)	????? ??????????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? (?????????) ?????? ????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? (?????????) ???????
????? ???????? ?????? (1914?18)	???? ??????? ????????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???? ?? ????? (??? ???) ???????? ????? ??? ?????? ????? 700 ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???? 3 ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????????? Conkbayır ???? ??? ????? ?? ??? ?? 60 ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ???????? ???? ????? (??????) ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ????????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ???? (???????) ??????
??????? ?? ??? 1900? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?????????