??? ?????? ???????? ?????? - ????????? ????? ??? ???????

??? ?????? ???????? ??????

?? ?????????? ???????? ?????

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?????	??????
???????
????? ???????	?????? 1948
????????	???????? ?????
????? ????	????? 1990
??? ?????? ????????
????? ??	??? ????????? ???????? ??? ?????? ????????
??? ???????	3500000
????? ???????	?????
???????
????????????	??????? ??????? ? ??????
???????? ???????	???? ??????
??????? ????
??????? ???????	??????? ????
????? ??????
????? ????? - ?????

??? ?????? ???????? ?????? ( ?????????? : Polska Zjednoczona Partia Robotnicza) ??? ??? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ??? 1948 ??? 1989? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ????????? ????????? ? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ??????? . ^[1]

????? [ ??? ]

^ A Concise History of Poland - Jerzy Lukowski, Hubert Zawadzki - ??? Google ???? ?????? 2017-09-26 ?? Wayback Machine

????? ?????? ?? ??????

Represented in
the ???

United Right (239)
- ??? ??????? ???????? ???????? (218)
- Agreement (12)
- United Poland (7)
- ??????? Party (2)
Civic Coalition (150)
- ??? ?????? ??????? (136)
- Modern (14)
Kukiz'15 * (26)
Polish People's Party (14)
Free and Solidary (4)
Now! (3)
Union of European Democrats (3)
Real Politics Union (3)
Liberty (2)
National Movement (1)
Right Wing of the Republic (1)
German Minority Representative * (1)

Represented in
the ???? ???? ??????

United Right (66)
- ??? ??????? ???????? ???????? (59)
- Agreement (5)
- United Poland (2)
??? ?????? ??????? (29)
White-Reds (1)
Polish People's Party (1)

Represented in
the ???????? ????????

???? existing parties and political movements

National minorities committees
represented in ???

German Minority (1)

????? parties

Pre-war era

?????? era	Communist Party of Poland (Mijal) ??? ?????? ???????? United People's Party ??? ?????? ???????? ??????

Modern era

italic font - electoral alliances
* - not currently registered as a party

?????:???????

?? ????? ??? ?????? ??: ??? ?????? ???????? ??????

??? ???????
?????	????? ???????? ?????? (ISNI) ??? ????? ????????? ????????? ???????? (VIAF) 2
?????	??????? ??????? ???????? (BnF) ????? ????????? ????????? (GND) ??????? ??????? ??????????? (J9U) ????? ???????? (LCNAF) ????? ???????? ??????? ???????? (NLCR AUT) ??????? ??????? ?????????? (NLA)
????	?????? ??????? ??????? (IdRef)

??? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ???????. ????? ???? ?? ???????.

?????? ?? ≪ https://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=???_??????_????????_??????&oldid=57273954 ≫