??? ????????? ?????????

??? ????????? ?????????
??? ?? ???? ????????? ????????? ?????????
	???? ????? : ????? ????? ??????? (????)? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? (????) ; ???? ?????? : ??? ???????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? (????)? ?????? ??????????? ??? ????????? ??????? (????) ; ???? ?????? : ?????? ????????? ????? ??????? ????????
??????? ????
???????	16 ?????? 1810 ? 27 ?????? 1821 ; (0 ????)
??????	???????
???????	??????? ??????? ; ???????????? ????????? ?????? ???? ????????? ?? ??????? ; ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ;
??????? ; ??????	??????? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????
??????????
????????? ??????????	;
??????
????? ??????? ?? ?????? ? (1810?11) ; ??????? ????? ? (1810?11) ; ??????? ????? ‏ ? (1810?11) ; ????? ????? ??????? ? (1810?15) ; ?????? ?????? (1810?21) ; ??????? ????????? ? (1811?14) ; ????????? ???????? (1812?21) ; ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ? (1817) ; ??????? ?? ???????? (1821)	????????? ??????? (1810?13) ; ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ?? (1813?16) ; ???? ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ????? ???????? (1816?21) ; Francisco Novella ‏ (1821) ; Juan O'Donoju (1821)
?????
100,000 ??? ????? 23,100 ?????	17,000
???????
8,000 ???? ; 15,000 ????	2,000 ????
	????? ????? - ?????

??? ????????? ????????? ( ?????????? : Guerra de Independencia de Mexico )? ?? ???? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? 1821. ^[1]^[2]^[3] ??? ????? ?? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ??? 1808? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? 16 ?????? 1810? ??? ???? ????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? 27 ?????? 1821. ?????? ???? 16 ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ???????.

??????? ???? ????????? ?? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ???. ?????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ???????? ??? ??????? ???????? ???????????. ????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????????? ????????? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ? ????? ?????? ???????.

??? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????????. ?? ??? 1808? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? . ??? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ( ?????????? : Ayuntamiento )? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?? ???????????. ??? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ???????? ???? ???? ??????.

???? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ????????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ??????????. ??? ?? ????? ??? ????????? ?? ????????? ??? 1810? ????? ???? ?????? ??? 16 ?????? ????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????? ( ?????????? )? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???????.

?? ??? 1810 ???? ???? ????????? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ???????? ????????. ?? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???????????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ???? ?????????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ????????? ??? ????? ????. ???? ?????? ???????? ????? ????? ??????? ????????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ????????????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ??. ??? ????? ???????? ????? ???? ????????? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? . ???? ??? 1820? ??? ??? ???? ?? ???????? ???????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ??? ??? ????????? .

??? ????? ????? ???? ????????? ?? ??? 1820 ??? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ????????. ??? ????? ????? ?? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???????? ????? ??????? ?? ???????? ???????? ???????. ??? ??????? ?? ???????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????? ??? 1821. ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ?? ?? ?????? ???????????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ???????. ???? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ????????. ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? 27 ?????? 1821.

??? ???? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????? ???????????? ????????? . ???? ??? ??????? ??????????? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? 1823? ???? ???? ???????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????.

???? ??????? ???? ????????? ???????? ???????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? 1829? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ???????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?? ??? 1836.

?????? ????? ??????????? ?????????? [ ??? ]

??? ??? ???????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ???? ????????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????. ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ????????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????. ???? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ?????. ????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ??????. ???? ???? ?????? ???????? ??? ??? ???????? ??????? ????????? ????? ??????? ??????.

?? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ??? 1821 ? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ???????? -??? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ????????- ????????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ??? ???? ??? ??????.

???? ??? ????? ???????? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ????????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ?????????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ???????? ????? ??? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??? 1821.

?? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ???????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????????? ?????????. ??? ??? ?????? ???????? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ????????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ????????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ???? ????? ????. ????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????????? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ????.

????? ???????????? ????????? ?????? [ ??? ]

?? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??? 1821? ??? ??? ???????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ???????? ??????? ???????????? ????????? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ???????. ?? ???? ???????? ???????? ??????? ????? ???? ????. ??? ???????? ????? ????? ?? ????????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ???????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ??? ????? ?? ???????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ?????. ??? ????? ???????? ?????? ??? ???????? ????????? ?????.

?? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ??? 1822? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???????? -????? ??? ???????? ?? ????? ???? ?????- ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????. ?? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ???????? ?????????? ???????. ?? ?????? ????????? ?? ?????? ??? 1822? ?? ???????? ?????? ???????? ? ???? ????? ?????? ???.

?????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? [ ??? ]

??? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ??????. ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????????? ????????? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ????????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ??????? ????????? ??? 1808.

??? ????? ???????? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ???????????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ????????. ???? ?????? ????????????? ????? ?????? ?????? (??? ?????? ??????). ????? ????????? ?????? ???? ?????????. ???? ????? ??? ??? 1624 ??? ????? ????? ????? ????? ???????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ???? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ?????. ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ?????. ??? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ≪?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? [?????? ??????]! ??????? ???? ?????!≫. ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ??????????? ??? ????. ?? ??? 1642? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ???????. ????? ???? ??? ?????? ????????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????. ???????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ??? 1642? ?????? ??? 15 ????? ????? ???????. ???? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ??????????? ?? ?????? ????.

?? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ????? ???? ????????. ?????? ???? ?????????? ?? ????????? ????? ?????? ??? 1692. ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? 1624 ???? ????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ?????????? ??? ???? 1692 ?? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ????????. ???? ????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??????. ≪?????? ??????? [??????? ??????] ?????????????? [????? ??????? ??????] ?? ?????? ?????! ???? ??? ????? ??????! ???? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ???????! ?? ????? ?? ???? ??? ??????! ????? ??? ??????≫. ???? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ?????. ??? ?? ???? ??? 1692 ≪???? ????? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ?????. ??? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????????≫. ?? ???? ???????? ??? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ??????????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ?????. ??? ???? ???? ???? ?????????? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ???????? ≪?????? ??????≫.

???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ??? ????? ???????. ??? ???? ?? ????? ???????? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ????? ????? ?????????? ???? ??????? ????????? ?????? ???????. ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ????????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????.

?? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ???????????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????????. ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? 1799? ??? ??? ????? ???????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ?? ??? 1810. ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ??????? (???? ??????) ??? 1810 ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ???????. ??? ??? 1810? ?? ??? ??? ????? ???? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????.

????? ?????????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? 1808-1809 [ ??? ]

?? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ??????? ????????? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????. ??? ???? ????? ≪?????? ????? ?????≫ ?? ??????? ???????. ??? ???? ????? ????? ?? ??????????? (1803-1808) ?? ????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ???????. ??? ???? ????? ??????????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ??. ?? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ??????? (???????????? (ayuntamient ? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ????????. ??? ???????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ???????? ???????? ?? ???????????? ?????????. ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ??????? ????????? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? (????????? Audiencia) ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ??????. ???? ??????????? ????? ????? ??? ???????? ??? ??? ???. ??? ???? ????? ????? ?????????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ??????????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ???????. ?? ????? ???? ???? ????????? ???????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ???????? ??? ????? ???????? ???????. ??????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ???? 15 ?????? 1808 ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ????????? ??????. ???? ????????? ??? ????????? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????. ??????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ????????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????. ???? ??? ??????? ?? ????????? ???????. ??????? ??????????? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ????????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ???????? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????. ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??? ????? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ???????? ?????? ?? ???????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?????. ??? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ???????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????. ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ?? 14 ?????? 1810. ?? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ???????.

???? ????? [ ??? ]

????? [ ??? ]

^ Philip Russell (2011). The History of Mexico: From Pre-Conquest to Present . Routledge. ?. 132. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2016-04-07.
^ Michael S. Werner (2001). Concise Encyclopedia of Mexico . Taylor & Francis. ?. 308?9. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-01-26.
^ Leslie Bethell (1987). The Independence of Latin America . Cambridge University Press. ?. 65. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-12-27.

?? ????? ??? ?????? ??: ??? ????????? ?????????

[1] Philip Russell (2011). The History of Mexico: From Pre-Conquest to Present . Routledge. ?. 132. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2016-04-07.

[2] Michael S. Werner (2001). Concise Encyclopedia of Mexico . Taylor & Francis. ?. 308?9. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-01-26.

[3] Leslie Bethell (1987). The Independence of Latin America . Cambridge University Press. ?. 65. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-12-27.

[1]

[2]

[3]