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( ??????????? : Joseph Billings )?
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??????	1806 ?????
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????? ??????? ( ??????????? : Joseph Billings )???? ????? (1806 - 1758)???? ??????? ??????? ????? ??? ??? ??? ?? ????? ?? ???? ????? - ????? ???????. ^[1]^[2]^[3]

?? 1785? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? Sarychev ???? ??? ?????? ????? ??.

??? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ???????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ??? ???? ?? ?????????. ????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???? ???????. ??? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????? ??????. ???????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????? ???? ??????? ????? ???????? ?? ???????? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? (promyshlenniki).

??? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ????? ???????????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?? 1797 ?????? ?? ????? .

????? Joseph Billings

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^ Nuttall? Mark (2012). Encyclopedia of the Arctic vols.1, 2 and 3 (A to Z) . New York and London: Routledge, p.243. ISBN : 978-1136786808 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-02-17.
^ Jones? Ryan (2006). "Sea Otters and Savages in the Russian Empire: The Billings Expedition, 1785-1793". Journal for Maritime Research . ?. 8 ?. 1: 106?121. DOI : 10.1080/21533369.2006.9668358 .
^ Inglis? Robin (2008). Historical Dictionary of the Discovery and Exploration of the Northwest Coast of America . Lanham, Maryland; Toronto; Plymouth, UK: Scarecrow Press, p.289. ISBN : 978-0810855519 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-02-17.

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Farthest North ????? ???????	?????? ?????? ???? ????? Marmaduke Carolus Parry ??? ????? ???????? ??? ??? ^{[???? ????]}‏ ???? ????? ??? Abernethy ????? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? Polaris ?????? ?????? ??? Bessels ???? ????? ??????? ?????????? ??? ?? ?? Alert ???? ????? ??? ?? ?? Discovery Stephenson ????? ???????? ??????? Lady Franklin Bay Expedition ??????? ????? Lockwood Brainard ???? ???? ????? Fram ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? Sverdrup Jason ????? ????? ???? ?? .??? ?????? ???????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ???? SS Roosevelt Sedov Byrd *Norge* ???? ??????? Nobile Wisting Riiser-Larsen ??????? ??????? Airship Italia Nautilus ????? ??????? ANT-25 Chkalov Baydukov Belyakov Drifting ice stations NP-1 Papanin Shirshov ?????? ??????? Krenkel NP-36 NP-37 *Sedov* Badygin Wiese USS Nautilus USS Skate Plaisted ???? ????? NS Arktika Barneo Arktika 2007 Mir submersibles Sagalevich ????? ???????????
??????? ????????	?????? ??????? Papar ???? ???????? Naddodd Garðar Ingolfr ??????? ????????? ??????? ???????? Gunnbjorn Snæbjorn galti ???? ?????? Christian IV's expeditions J. Hall Cunningham Lindenov C. Richardson ????????? ????????? ?????????? ???? ??? Scoresby Jason ??????? ?????? Sverdrup ????? ????? ???? ????? ???????
????? ??????? ?????? Northern Canada	??? ????? ?????? ????? ???? M. Corte-Real ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ????? Discovery Bylot ????? ????? Munk I. Fyodorov Gvozdev ??? ?? ?? Resolution ???? ??? ??? ?? ?? Discovery ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ^{[???? ????]}‏ ??? ?? ?? Griper Parry ??? ?? ?? Hecla Lyon ??? ?? ?? Fury Hoppner Crozier ???? ????? ??? Coppermine Expedition ??? ???????? Back Dease ????? ??????? ^{[???? ????]}‏ ??? ?? ?? Blossom Beechey ???? ???????? ???????? ??? ?? ?? Erebus ??? ?? ?? Terror Collinson Rae?Richardson Expedition Rae ??? ?????????? (????) ??????? ????? ?????? ^{[???? ????]}‏ McClure Expedition ??? ?? ?? Investigator McClure ??? ?? ?? Resolute Kellett Belcher ?????? ?????? (??????) ????? ????? ???? Isabel Inglefield 2nd Grinnell Expedition USS Advance ????? ???? ??? Fox ??????? ??????? ???????? ??? ?? ?? Pandora Young Fram Sverdrup Gjøa ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ????? ??????? *St. Roch* ???? ????? ????? ???? ????
North East Passage Russian Arctic	????? Koch boats Willoughby Chancellor ?????? ?????? Mangazeya ???? ????? Poole Siberian Cossacks Perfilyev Stadukhin ????? ???????? Popov Ivanov Vagin Permyakov Great Northern Expedition ????? ????? Chirikov Malygin Ovtsyn Minin V. Pronchishchev M. Pronchishcheva Chelyuskin Kh. Laptev D. Laptev Chichagov Lyakhov ????? ??????? Sannikov Gedenschtrom Wrangel Matyushkin ????? ???? Litke Lavrov Pakhtusov Tsivolko Middendorff Austro-Hungarian Expedition ???? ?????? ?????? ???? Vega Expedition ????? ???? ??????????? Palander Jeannette Expedition USS Jeannette ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????. ?????? *Yermak* Makarov *Zarya* Toll Kolomeitsev Matisen ??????? ??????? Sedov Rusanov Kuchin Brusilov Expedition Sv. Anna Brusilov Albanov Konrad Wiese Nagorski *Taymyr* / *Vaygach* Vilkitsky *Maud* ???? ??????? AARI Samoylovich Begichev Urvantsev Sadko Ushakov Glavsevmorput ???? ????? Aviaarktika Shevelev A. Sibiryakov Voronin Chelyuskin Krassin Gakkel ????? ?????? ??????? ???????s Lenin Arktika -class icebreaker

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?????? ???????	Roche Bouvet Kerguelen ??? ?? ?? Resolution ???? ??? ??? ?? ?? Adventure ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ^{[???? ????]}‏ San Telmo Vostok ?????? ?????? ??? ???????????? Mirny ??????? ??????? ^{[???? ????]}‏ ?????? ????????? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ????? Astrolabe ??? ????? ?? ?????? United States Exploring Expedition USS Vincennes ?????? ?????? USS Porpoise Ringgold Ross expedition ??? ?? ?? Erebus ( ???? ????? ??? Abernethy ) ??? ?? ?? Terror ( Crozier ) Cooper ???? ??????? ??? ?? ?? Challenger ???? ????? ??? ????? Jason ???? ????? ?????
" ??? ???????? "	?????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????:RV ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ???????? Racovi?? Dobrowolski ???? ???? ?????? Southern Cross ?????? ????????? ???? ????????? ?????????? Discovery Discovery Hut ?????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ????????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???????? Antarctic O. Nordenskjold ???? ????? ????? Scottish Antarctic Expedition ?????? ????? ???? Scotia Orcadas Base ???? ????? Nimrod French Antarctic Expeditions Pourquoi-Pas ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? Fram ???? ??????? Framheim Polheim ???? ???? ???? Terra Nova ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ^{[???? ????]}‏ ??? ???? Lashly ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????:SY ?????? ?????? Far Eastern Party Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition Endurance ????? ??????? Wild ???? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ??? Mackintosh ???? ??????? ????? Quest
??? ????? ????? · IGY ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????????	???? ???????? Byrd BANZARE BGLE Rymill ?????? ??????? Ritscher ????? ??????? Marr ????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????????? ???? ????? ??????? ^{[???? ????]}‏ ????? ???????? ?????? ?????? Ronne Expedition F. Ronne ???? ??? Schlossbach ????? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ????????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? Soviet Antarctic Expeditions ?????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? Somov ????? ??????? Mirny ?????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???????? Tryoshnikov 3rd Tolstikov ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? Transglobe Expedition ?????? ????? ?????? ?. ?????? ????? ?????? Kapitsa
Farthest South ????? ???????	??? ?? ?? Resolution ???? ??? ??? ?? ?? Adventure ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ?? ?? Erebus ???? ????? ??? ??? ?? ?? Terror Crozier ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ????????? ???? ????????? ?????????? Barne ???? ????? ????? ??????? Wild Marshall Adams ??? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????? David ?????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? Fram ???? ??????? Bjaaland Helmer ????? ???? Wisting Polheim ???? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? Oates ?????? ?????? Bowers Byrd Balchen ???? ??????? ?????? Dufek ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ^{[???? ????]}‏ Pole of Inaccessibility Station Tolstikov Crary ????? ???? ?????? ?????

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