????? ???? ????
(
7 ????
1892
-
4 ????
1980
) ???
????
?????
???? ????
????????
?? ???
??????
? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ??? 1943 ??? ?????. ????? ???? ???? ???????? ??????????? ????
????? ???????? ???????
?? ????????
??????
? ????? ???????? ??????????? ???? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??
??????
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?????????
?? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????
?????????
[2]
?????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ????
???? ??? ????????
??
????? ???????
?????
????
????? ??? ??????
? ??? ????
????? ??????? ??????????
?? ????
1939
-
1980
?????
???????? ???????????
?? ????????
??????
?? ????
1941
-
1945
????? ?????
?????????
?? ????
1943
-
1963
(????? ???? ??????) ?? ????
1953
-
1980
???? ??? ????
??????
????? ?????? ??????
????? ?????? ??????????
???? ??? ?????? ?? ???????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??
??????
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??
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? ???? ???? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ????? ???? ??
????? ????????-??????
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????? ???????
????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ??? 1939 ???
????? ????????
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????? ?? ???????
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?????????
???????? ??????? ?? ???
????????
??????????
[3]
???? ?????? ???????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ???
?????????
??? ???? ???? ??? 1980 ????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ?????
?????????
?? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ???
?????????
??????? ??? ????? ???.
[4]
????? ?????
[
???
]
??? ????? ???? ?? 7
????
1892 ?? ????
?????????
????
???????
? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??
??????
???? ?????? (
1860
-
1936
) ???
????????
???? ?????? (
1864
-
1918
) ???? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ????
????????
? ????? ???? ???????? ?????????? ??? 1900 ??
?????????
????? ???? ??? 1905 ??? ??? 1907 ????? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ??
?????
? ??? ??? 1910 ???? ??? ??? ?????? ????????? ??????????
????????
??? ????
1911
-
1913
??? ???? ???? ?? ???? ??
?????
? ????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ???? 1913 ?? ????? ???? ?????
????
?? ?????
????????
[5]
??????
????? ???????? -??????
???? ??? ????????? ?????? ???? ??????
????? ???????? ??????
?? ?????? ???
???????
?
???????
???? ????? ???? ?? ??? ??????????? ??? ????? 1915 ?? ?????? ???
?????? ???????
?????? ??
?????
????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ????.
[6]
?????? ?? ????? ????????? ????????
[
???
]
??? 13 ??? ?? ???????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ????? ??
???? ???????
??????? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ??????
?????? ????????
?? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ???????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ???? ???
????????
??? 1917 ??? ?? ????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ????????? ??
???? ???????
??? 17
????
1917 ????? ????? ???
??????
?? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ???
??????
??? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ??
?????
??
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???? ??????
???? ???? ??? ????
????? ??????? ????????
???? ?? ????
????? ??????
????? ??? ???
?????
????? ?? ???????? ??? ???? ??? 1918 ??? ???? ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ??
?????
??? ???? ??????? ??? ????? 1920 ??? ?????? ???
?????????
?? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ???
?????????
???? ???? ???
????? ??????? ??????????
? ????? ??????? ????????
?????????
?????? ??
?????????
??? ???????? 1920 ???
?????????
??? 59 ???? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ???? ????? ??? ??
?????????
?? ?? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ???????? ???? ???????
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?????????
????? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ???????? ??????
?????????
?? ?????? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??????
[7]
? ??? ???? ??? ????? ??? ????? ???????? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??? 1925 ????? ????? ??? ????????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ?? ?? ??? ???????
????????
????? ????? ???? ??? ?????
????
????? ?????? ????? ????? ???????
??????????
[8]
????? ????? ??????? ???
????
??? ?? ??????? ???????? ????? ???? ???????
????????
??? ???? ???? ????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ??? ????????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ??? (?????) ? (????)? ?? ??? 1934 ???? ?????? ???????? ????
????
?????? ???? ???
?????
???????? ?? ???????? ?????
????? ??????? ??????????
??? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ??? ??? 1935 ???? ???? ???
??????? ????????
???? ???? ??? ?? ????????? ????? ????? ???? ??
???????? ??????? ?????? ????????
(nkvd) ??? ????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ???????? ??
????? ??????? ?????????
???? ?????????? ?????????? ??? ??? 1937 ????
??????
? ???? ???
?????????
?????? ????
????? ??????? ??????????
.
[9]
????? ????? ???????? ???????
[
???
]
?? 6
?????
1941 ??? ??????
?????????
-
?????????
-
???????
???? ?????
???? ?????????
??? 10
?????
?????
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?????????
???? ??? ????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ???????? ??? ?????
??????????
????? ?? ????? ??? ????
????? ???? ??????
???? ?? ???? ??????.
[10]
[11]
????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ????????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ????
???? ??????? ??????????
??? ??????? ???????
??????????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ???????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ????????? ?? ??? ??????? ???
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????????? ???????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?????
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????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ????????
????????
????? ????????? ??????? 2000 ????? ????? ???
??? ??????? ??????????
[12]
? ????? ?? ????? ???? ???????????? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ???????????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ????????? ????? ?? ?????? ??
??????
1942 ?? ??? ?? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ??? 1943 ??? ??? ????? ???? ???
?????????
??? ?????? ??? ????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ??????????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???? 3 ???? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??? ?? 25
????
1944 ????? ????? ??? ?? ???????? ????????? ??? ???? ??
???????
??? ??? ????? ??? ??????/????? 1943 ????? ?? ?? ?????? ????????
???????? ??????
??????? ?????????
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? ?????? ??? ????? ??? 17
?????
1944 ???? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ?????
???? ??????
?? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ???????? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ??
???? ??????
??????? ??????? ≪???????≫ ??? ???? ?? ???????? ?? 28
??????
1944 ?? ???? ??? ??? ????? ??
??????? ????????
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?? ???????? ????????? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ???????.
[13]
|
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[14]
|
|
????? ?????
[
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]
?? 7
????
1945 ?? ????? ??????? ???????
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???? ??????
?????? ?? ?????? ???
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????? ?????????? ??
??????
1945 ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ???? ??? ??? ????
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?????????
??? ≪
??????? ????????? ????????? ??????????
≫ ??? 29
??????
1945 ?? ????? ????? ??????? ??????????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ??????
????? ??????????
???? ????? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ?????
????????
?????? ?? ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ??
????
1946 , ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ??????????? ??
?????????
????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ????????? ??
?????????
[15]
??? ??????? ??????? ???? ??
?????? ???????
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.
[16]
?????? ???? ? ??????
[
???
]
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???????????
??
????????????
??? ????
1945
-
1948
???? ???????????? ??????? 5 ?????? ????? ????????
[17]
??????
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???? ?????
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?? 4
????
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???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ???? ???????? ??? ??? 1949 ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ????? ??????
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[18]
|
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??? 1953 ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ??
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?????
???? ??? ???? ????????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ??
?????????
? ?? 26
?????
1950 ???? ???? ??????
?????????
????? ?? ????? ???? ???????
???????
??? ????? ??
??????? ????????
???? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???? ?? ???????? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ????????? ??
?????????
??? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ??????
?????????
?? ???????? ??????????
[19]
? ???? ????
??????
??? 1953 ???
???????
???? ??????? ???
?????
???? ???? ????? ??
??????? ????????
??? ?? ???? ?? ???? ???????? ????? ?? ??? 1956 ????? ???? ????
??????? ????????
?? ??? ??? ????? ????? ??
??????? ????????
??? ?? ??????? ?????? ???? ???
??????? ????????
??????????
??? ???? ?? ???????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ??
????? ???????
[20]
|
?? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ???????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ? ??? ?? ????? ????? ????????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ??????????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ????????? ????? ??????????? ????? ???? ?????????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ??????.- ????? ???? 18 ?? 1956
|
|
[21]
???? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ???
????? ????????
??? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ????????
????????
???????? ?????? ??
????????????
???????
[
???
]
????? ???? ????????
[
???
]
?????
?????????
?? ??????? ????????
????? ??? ????????
??? 1961 ??? ???????? ?? ?? ????
????? ??? ??????
?????
????????
????
?????????
????? ???? ?????? ?????
????? ??? ????????
????? ?????? ???? ?? ???
?????? ??????
?????? ??
????? ???????
??? ???? ??????? ???????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? 1954 -
1956
??? ??? ??????????
???? ??????
??
???????
??? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ??
???????
??? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ??
???????? ???????
?????? ???
??????
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??????? ??????
?????????
????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ???????
????????
[22]
? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ??????
?????????
??? ?????? ??????? ??????
??????????
?????? ?? ??????? ?? ???
?????? ???????
? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????????
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???? ?????
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????? ?????
???? ??????
???????
??????? ????????
???? ??? ????
????????
????? ????
????? ?????
??? ??? 1953 ???? ???? ???
????????
??????
??????
??????? ?? ????? ???? ???????? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ???????? ???
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??????
?????? ???????
???? ?????
???????? ???????
??
?????
.
[23]
?????????
[
???
]
?? 7
?????
1963 ?? ????? ???
?????????
??? ≪??????? ????????? ????????? ??????????≫ ??? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ????????? ??
?????????
??? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ???????
????? ?????????
??????? ???
????
??? 1960 ??? ????
???????? ???????
?????? ??
????????
????? ??? ??? ??? ???????? ???????? ????????? ??? ????
????????
??? ??????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ??? ???????? ??? ???
1966
??? ???? ??????? ????? ??
?????????
??? ????????? ??????? ???
1945
???? ????????? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??
?????????
?????????
????????? ????????? ?? ??? ????? ????
?????????
? ??? 1
?????
1967
????
?????????
?? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ???? ?? ???????? ??????????? ??
???????
??
??? ????? ????
??? ???
1967
??? ???? ?????? ??????????????
??????? ???????
?? ????? ???
????
?? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ????????? ?? ?? ???????
????????
???
?????
1969
???? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ????????
?????????????
???? ??????? ?? ??????
????????????
??? ???
1971
??? ????? ?????? ???? ?????
??????????
???? 20 ?????? ??? ??????? ???
1974
[24]
????? ?? ????????? ?? ???????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ???? ????????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ???? ??????????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ?? ?????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ????????? ?????????
[25]
??????? ???????
[
???
]
??? ????????? ????????? ???
1974
???? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ???
????
?? ???
1977
??? ????
??? ??? ????
???? ??? ???? ???? ???????? ??? ??????
???????
??????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ???????? ??? ?? ??? ??????
??????
??? ??????? ??? ??????
??????
?????????
???
1979
??? ???
1978
???? ???? ???
???????? ???????
????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ???? ?????????? ????????? ????????
????????
??
???????? ???????
? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ???
1979
????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ???? ?? ????? 87 ??? ???? ????? ??
?????? ??????
?? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ???? ?? ?????
??? ????????
??
??????
????? ??? ??? ???? ???????? ??? 3
?????
1980
??? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ??
?????? ???????
?? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ???
???
???? ?????? ??????? ?? ?? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ???????? ??? ??? ????? ?????
[26]
? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ?? 8 ?????
??????????
?????
??????
?????? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ??????.
[27]
??????
[
???
]
???? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ???
4 ????
1980
?? ?????? 03:05 ???? ???? ??? ??? ????? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ??? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?????.
|
??? ?????? ??????? ????? ???????? ?????????? ?? ???? ????? ????????? ?? "??????? ????????? ????????? ??????????" ??? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ??? 4 ???? 1980 , ??? ???? ????????? ?????????? ????? ????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????????? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ????????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ???????? ??? ??? ????? ??????? 4 ???? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????????? ??????? ???? ????? ???????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ????????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ????? ????.- ???? ????? ??????? ?????????? ?? ??? ???? ???? 1980
[28]
|
|
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???????? ?????????
????? ???? 7 ????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ??? ?????????
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??????
? ??? ???? ??? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????????? ??? ???? ≪
??????? ???????
≫ ?≪
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[37]
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