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?????? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ????????. [6]

?? ???????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????.

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?? ????? 930? ??? ?????????? ????????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ??????. ????? ?????????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ???????? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ???????? ??? ??????? ???????. [9]

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?? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ???????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ??????. ???? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ???????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ????????? (???? ???????)? ????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ???????. [10] ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ????????. ??? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ???????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ????????? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????????? ???????? ???????? ??????. [11]

?? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????. ??? ????? ??????? ?? ???????????? ????????? ???????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? 51 ?? ???? ????? ???? ??????????? ???? (????? ??? ??? ????)? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ????????. [12]

?????????? ???????? ???? ?????? [ ??? ]

??? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ????? ???????? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ?????????? ???????? ?? ???????. [13]

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?? ??? ?????? ?????????? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ???????????? ?????? ????? ????? ???????? ?????. ??? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????????? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ????????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????. ?? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ???????? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ??? ????????. [14]

??? ??????? ????????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????????? ???? ???? ????? ???????.

???? ??????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????????? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ???????. ???? ?????? ?????????? ????? ???? ?? ????? 1566? ????? ????????? ????????? ?????? ???? ???? ???????? ???????? ??????. ??????? ????????? ????????? ?????? ??? ????? 1795. ?? ????? 1641? ???? ????? ??????? ??????????. ??? ?????????????? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????. ??? ?????????? ???????? ????????? ???? ?????? ????????? ???????? ???? ??? ????. [15]

?????????? ?????????? [ ??? ]

??????? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ????????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????. ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???????? ??? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ??????. ???? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??? ?????????? ???? ????? ???? ??????????? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ??????? ?????????.

??? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ???????? ????????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ??????????? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???????????? ???? ?????? ?? ???????? ??? ?????????? ?? ?? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????????.

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????? [ ??? ]

  1. ^ Allan, T. R. S. (1 Jan 2003). Constitutional Justice: A Liberal Theory of the Rule of Law (???????????). Oxford University Press. ISBN : 9780199267880 . Archived from the original on 2020-01-26. When the idea of the rule of law is interpreted as a principle of constitutionalism, ...
  2. ^ "republic ? government" . Encyclopædia Britannica . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2015-05-08.
  3. ^ How Democratic Was the Roman Republic? History of the Ancient World.com. By Allen M. Ward. 2004. ???? ?????? 17 ????? 2018 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
  4. ^ Paul A. Rahe, Republics, Ancient and Modern , three volumes, University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, 1994.
  5. ^ Pocock, J.G.A. The Machiavellian Moment: Florentine Political Thought and the Atlantic Republican Tradition (1975; new ed. 2003)
  6. ^ "Republic"j, New Dictionary of the History of Ideas . Ed. ?????? ????? ???????? . Vol. 5. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2005. p. 2099
  7. ^ Everdell? William Romeyn (2000) [1983]. "Samuel and Solon: The Origins of the Republic in Tribalism". The End of Kings: A History of Republics and Republicans (?. 2). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ?. 18. ISBN : 9780226224824 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-12-24 . ???? ???? ?????? 2019-06-10 . [...] Samuel [...] has the distinction of being the first self-conscious republican in his society of whom we have nearly contemporary written record and of whose actual existence we can be reasonably sure.
  8. ^ Everdell (2000 )
  9. ^ Diodorus 2.39
  10. ^ Robinson, 1997, p. 23
  11. ^ Raychaudhuri Hemchandra (1972), Political History of Ancient India , Calcutta: University of Calcutta, p.107
  12. ^ Republics in ancient India . Brill Archive. ?. 93?. GGKEY:HYY6LT5CFT0. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-01-26.
  13. ^ Finer, pp. 955?956.
  14. ^ "Introduction." Republicanism: a Shared European Heritage. By Martin van Gelderen and Quentin Skinner. Cambridge University Press, 2002 p. 1
  15. ^ "Republicanism." Encyclopedia of the Enlightenment p. 431