????? ?? ??? ?????????? ??????

??????? ?? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ????????? ???? ???? ???????? ??????? ???? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ???????? ?? ???????? ??????? . ???? ??? ????? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ???????? ???????? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ???????? ?? ???????? ?/?? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?? ??? ???????? ??? ??? ??????. (???????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ???????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????: ??? ???? ??????: ???? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ?? ?????? ?≪???????? ??????≫, ??????? ????? ????? ????? ???...) ???? ?????? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ?????.

??? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ???????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ????????? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ????????? ^[1] ??? ???? ??? ????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????. ^[2]

?????????? ????????? (?????? ??????) [ ??? ]

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?????? ????? (?????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ???????)
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??? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ???? ???
?????? ??????? ??????

?

?????? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ^[3] (≪??? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ???????? ?? ????? ??????.≫)
????? ????? ????? (????: ≪???? ????? ????.≫ ≪??? ?????????.≫)

????????? [ ??? ]

?????? ?????? [ ??? ]

??? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ???????
?????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ??? ???????.
??????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ???????? ?? ???????.
????? ??????? ??? ???????? ??? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ???????? ??? ????? ???? ???????. ^[4]
????? ??? ??????? ??????: ?? ???? ????? ????: ≪??? ???? ??????? ?? ?????????≫
?????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ≪?? ????? ??? ?? ??? ???????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??????.≫

??? ???? ??? ≪????≫ ?? ???? ?? ???. ???? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ????????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ???? ????? ????? ??????.

??????? [ ??? ]

???????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ????????? ???????? ????? ????????
????? ??????? : ?? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ????????. ^[5]

????? ???????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ???????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??????.

???? ???????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ????????? ????? (??? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ???????? ??? ???? ????????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????????? ?? ????? ???????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??? ≪????? ????≫ ???? ???????? ?? ?????.)
????? ?????? ??????? ^[6]

??????? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ????? ???????? ????? ?????? (????? ?????? ????????? ??????) ??? ???????? - ?? ???? ????? ??????? ?? (????? ????????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??????...) ????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ???????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ????????.

?????? ??????? ?? ???????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ^[7] ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ??????. ????? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???? ?????.
????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ???????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?? ????? ??? ????? ??? ???????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????.

??? ??????? [ ??? ]

????? ????? ??????? ?? ???????? (Ableism) ??? ????. ????? able ???? ???? ?? ???? (disable) ???? ???? ??? ????? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ??????? -ism? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ??? 1985-1990. ^[8]^[9]

????? ??????? [ ??? ]

?? ??????? [ ??? ]

??? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? (Aktion T4)? ?? ??? 1939? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????. ???? ??? ???????? ????? 70 ??? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ????????. ???? ??? ???????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ??? 1941? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???? ??? 1945? ????? 200 ??? ?????. ^[10]

?? ??????? ??????? [ ??? ]

?? ????? ??????? ?? ???????? ?? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???? 1995 ?2005 ??????? ?? ????????. ??? ????? ??? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ???? 2010. ??? ????? ???????? ???? 2010? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????????. ??? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? (????? 13(1) ?? ????? ???????? ???? 2010)? ??????? ??? ??????? (??????? 6 ?19? ????????? ?? ????? 26? ?? ????? ???????? ???? 2010)? ??????? (????? 27(2) ?? ????? ???????? ???? 2010)? ??????? ?? ???????? (????? 15(1) ?? ????? ???????? ???? 2010)? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? (????? 29 ?? ????? ???????? ???? 2010).

??? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ???: ≪???? ????? (?) ???? ????? ??? ??? (?) ????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ????????≫. (????? 6(1) ?? ????? ???????? ???? 2010). ???? ?? ??????? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ???????? ???????.

?? ???????? ??????? [ ??? ]

??? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????. ??? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ?? ??????? ???????. ^[11] ???? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ????????? ?? ??? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ????????. ^[12] ??? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ???????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ????????. ^[12] ??? ???? ???? ????? ????????? ??????? ??? ????? ???????? ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????. ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ?? ?????? ????? ???????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ????????. ???? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ????????? ?? ?????? ??????. ??? ??? ??????? ?? ???????? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ???????. ???? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ????? ??????? ?? ???????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ≪???????? ???????≫.

???? ????? [ ??? ]

???????? [ ??? ]

Walter Fandrey: Kruppel, Idioten, Irre: zur Sozialgeschichte behinderter Menschen in Deutschland (Cripples, idiots, madmen: the social history of disabled people in Germany) (??????????)

ISBN 978-3-925344-71-8

Susan Schweik: The Ugly Laws: Disability in Public (History of Disability), ISBN 0-8147-8361-9
James K. Shaver: Handicapism and Equal Opportunity: Teaching About the Disabled in Social Studies, ISBN 978-0-939068-01-2

????? ?????? [ ??? ]

Handicapism - Disabling Images or Images Disabling? By Justice Jitendra N. Bhatt† in: The Practical Lawyer

??????? [ ??? ]

^ Ernst Wullenweber: Education for intellectual disabilities: A manual for study and practice S. 149, retrieved 17. January 2012 (??????????) ???? ?????? 3 ???? 2014 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
^ attribution theory by Speck retrieved 17. January 2012 (??????????) ???? ?????? 28 ?????? 2017 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
^ Handicapism (video), retrieved 17. January 2012 ???? ?????? 08 ???? 2012 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
^ Rebecca Maskos: Are you disabled or what?! retrieved 18. January 2012 (??????????) ???? ?????? 03 ?????? 2012 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
^ Arthur Shapiro: Everybody Belongs: Changing Negative Attitudes Toward Classmates with Disabilities (Critical Education Practice) retrieved 17. January 2012, ISBN 978-0-8153-3960-1
^ further literature retrieved 21. January 2012 ^{[
???? ??????
]} ???? ?????? 27 ?????? 2011 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
^ Juliane Siegert: Achievement principle and social position of disabled people retrieved 20. January 2012 (??????????) ???? ?????? 07 ?????? 2017 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
^ url= https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/ableism . Merriam-Webster. n.d. Retrieved 2018-02-26. ???? ?????? 23 ???? 2021 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
^ url= http://www.dictionary.com/browse/ableism . Dictionary.com. n.d. Retrieved 2018-02-10. ???? ?????? 2021-03-08 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
^ url= https://www.britannica.com/event/T4-Program retrieved 2018-04-20 ???? ?????? 2021-03-13 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
^ "History Perspective of Ableism in America" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2018-02-10.
^ ^? ^? Faville? Andrea. "A Civil Rights History: Americans with Disabilities" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-04-01.

????? ?? ??? ?????????? ?????? ?? ???????? ??????? :

[1] Ernst Wullenweber: Education for intellectual disabilities: A manual for study and practice S. 149, retrieved 17. January 2012 (??????????) ???? ?????? 3 ???? 2014 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .

[2] ttribution theory by Speck retrieved 17. January 2012 (??????????) ???? ?????? 28 ?????? 2017 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .

[3] Handicapism (video), retrieved 17. January 2012 ???? ?????? 08 ???? 2012 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .

[4] Rebecca Maskos: Are you disabled or what?! retrieved 18. January 2012 (??????????) ???? ?????? 03 ?????? 2012 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .

[5] Arthur Shapiro: Everybody Belongs: Changing Negative Attitudes Toward Classmates with Disabilities (Critical Education Practice) retrieved 17. January 2012, ISBN 978-0-8153-3960-1

[6] urther literature retrieved 21. January 2012 ^{[
???? ??????
]} ???? ?????? 27 ?????? 2011 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .

[7] Juliane Siegert: Achievement principle and social position of disabled people retrieved 20. January 2012 (??????????) ???? ?????? 07 ?????? 2017 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .

[8] url= https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/ableism . Merriam-Webster. n.d. Retrieved 2018-02-26. ???? ?????? 23 ???? 2021 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .

[9] url= http://www.dictionary.com/browse/ableism . Dictionary.com. n.d. Retrieved 2018-02-10. ???? ?????? 2021-03-08 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .

[10] url= https://www.britannica.com/event/T4-Program retrieved 2018-04-20 ???? ?????? 2021-03-13 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .

[11] "History Perspective of Ableism in America" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2018-02-10.

[مولد_تلقائيا1-12] ? ^? Faville? Andrea. "A Civil Rights History: Americans with Disabilities" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-04-01.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

???? ??????

? ? ? ?????
?????	????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? Dialect ????? ?? ??? ?????????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ????? Viewpoint
???????	????? ?? ?????????? ???? ???????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ?? ????????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ???????? ????? ?????? ????? ????????? ?????? ???? ????????? ???? ????? ?????????? ??????? Gayphobia ???? ???????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ???????? ??????? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ?? ??????? Perpetual foreigner ????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ????????? ????? ???? ????????? ???? ???????
????? ????	?????? ????????? ??????? ?? ???????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ????????? post?Cold War era ?????? ??????? ???? ??????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? Neopaganism ?????? ????????? ????????? ???????? ????? ??????????? ???????? ?????? ????????????? Rastafari ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???????????
?????? ?????/ ?????	African ??????????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? Asian ????? ???????? ?? ???????? ??????? ???? ??????? Azerbaijani Black people African Americans ???????? ?? ????? ???? ??????? Bengali Catalan Chechen ???? ????? Croat ??????? ???????? ?????????? Finnish Georgian Greek ?????? ????????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ??????? Hungarian Igbo ????? ?????? ????? Indigenous people ???????? ?? ???????? ???????? ?? ???? ???????? ?? ???????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ????????? Italian ?????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????? Malay Mexican ????? ?????? ????? ?????? Mongolian ??????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ??????????? Pashtun ??????? ???????? ??????? Quebec Romani Romanian ?????? ????? Serb ??????? ???????? ???????? Somali Tatar Thai ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ????????? Uyghur ??????? ???????? ???????? Venezuelan Vietnamese
???????	???? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? Dog whistle ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ???????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???????? ????? ???????? ??????? ?? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ????????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? Native American mascot controversy ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? (?????) ?????? ???? ????? ????? ????????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ???????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ????????? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ????????
?????? ?????	Age of candidacy ??????? ?? ?????? Blood quantum ????? ????? ??????? ????? Catholic Jewish ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ????????s ????????????? ???????????? Ghetto benches ????? ?????? ???? ?????? Law for Protection of the Nation ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? Nonpersons Numerus clausus (as religious or racial quota) One-drop rule ???? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? Racial steering ???? ?????? ???? ???????? Segregation age ??? ????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????? Sodomy law ????? ?????? ??? ?????? Ugly law ??? ?????????
???????? ???????	????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ???????? Diversity training ????? ???? ???? ??????? ????? Fighting Discrimination Hate speech laws by country ???? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ???????? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????
?????? ??????	???? ??????? Amatonormativity Anti-cultural, anti-national, and anti-ethnic terms ?????? ?????? ???????? ????? ????? Dehumanization ???? (?????) Ethnic penalty ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ????????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? Polyculturalism ????? ?????? ????? Prisoner abuse Racial bias in criminal news in the United States Racism by country ???? ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????bery ??????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? The talk ?????? ?????
?????:????? ?????:?????? ????????