???? ????????

????
Chad
Tchad
??? ?? ??????? ?????????? ????????
	???? ???????? ???
	?????? : ????????? ;
?????	???????
???? ?????	??????? ; (1900?1946) ; ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ; (1946?1958) ; ??????? ?????? ????? ; (1958?1960)
????? ???????	????????
???????	??????? ? ???????? ? ???????? ????????? ?????????
??????
???? ?????	1900
????? ??????	1956?1959
?????? ??????
?????? ??????	1959?1960
???? ???????
??????? ?????	1957?1959
??????? ?????????	1959?1960
???????
?????? ?????????	????? ???????
???????	5 ?????? 1900
????? ??????? ????	11 ?????? 1906
???? ?? ??????? ?????????? ????????	15 ????? 1910
??????? ??????	17 ???? 1920
????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ????????	27 ?????? 1946
??????? ?????? ?????	28 ?????? 1958
?????????	11 ????? 1960
???????
1943	1?194?508 ??² (461?202 ???²)
1950	1?283?993 ??² (495?752 ???²)
??????
1936	1?432?600 ????
1943	1?432?555 ???? ; ???????: 1?2 /??² (3?1 /???²)
1950	2?241?000 ???? ; ???????: 1?7 /??² (4?5 /???²)
?????? ????
??????	???? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ; (??? 1945) ; ???? ??? ?????? ; (1945?1960)
	????? ????? - ?????

???? ???? ???? ?? ???????????? ??????????? ???????? ?? ??? 1900 ??? ??? 1960. ??? ????? ?????????? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ??? 1900 ????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????. ?????? ???? ??? ??? 1905 ?????? ????????? ??????????? ???????? ?? ??? ??????? ? ????? ??? ??? ??? 1910 ???? ??????? ?????????? ???????? . ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? 1920 ??? ??????? ??????? ????????? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ??????.

????? ???? ?? ??? 1940 ??????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ????? . ??? ????????? ??? ????? ???????? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ????????? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ????????? ???????. ??? ???????? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ????????? ?????? ?? ??? 1960 ??? ????? ?????? ????????? .

???????? ??????? [ ??? ]

????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ???. ?????? ??? 1887? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???? ( ??????? ??????? ?????? ???????). ???? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ? ??? ???? ????? ????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ???? ???? . ??? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ? ???? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ( ????? ) ?? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ???????? ???? ? ??????? ? ?????? ???? . ???? ????? ?? ?????????? ??? ???????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? 1900. ??? ??????? ???????? ????? ????????? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ??????. ^[4]

????? ????? ??? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?? ???? ??? 1917? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????? ??? 1920. ^[5]

??????? ??????????? [ ??? ]

???? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ??????????? ?? ?????????. ??? ??????? ???? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????????. ????? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ????????? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ????????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ????????? ???????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? . ???? ????????? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ??? ??????? ?????????? ?? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????. ?? ???? ????? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? . ??? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ???????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ???????? ???? ?????? ???????????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ?? ??????? (???? ???? ???? ???? ??? ?????? 1973).

?????? ???? ?? ??? 1905 ????? ???????? ?????? ?? ?????? - ??????? ????? ???????? ?????? ( ??????? ??????? ???????? )? ???????? . ??? ???? ?? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ??? 1920. ???? ?????????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?? ???????? . ??? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ? ??? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ????? ????????? ?? ???? ?????????? ???????. ??? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ???????? ? ????????? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ????????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ?? ???????. ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ???????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ????????? ??? ?????????? ??? ???? 1910 ?1946. ??? ???? ???? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?? ??????????? ???? ????? ?? ???????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ??????. ??? ?? ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ????? 3000 ????.

???? ???? ??????? ?? ????????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ??????? ???????. ??? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ????????? ????????? ????????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??? ??????? ???????? (???? ??? ????? ?? ???? ????? ) ????? ????? ??????. ??? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ?????. ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ? ?????? ???????? ????????? ?? ?????????? ??? ??? ???????? ?? ?? ???? ????? ??? ???????? . ????? ??????? ??????????? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ???????? ??? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?? ??????? ???? ??????? . ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ???????? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ??? 1923 ?? ?????? ?? ???????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? . ??????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ???????? .

????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ??? ??? 1946 ???? ????????? ???????? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ???????. ???? ??? ???? ???? ????? ??? ?? ????? ???? ???????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????? ????????. ?????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??? 1929. ??? ???? ????????? ????????? ????????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????????.

??? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ????????? ?? ??????. ????????? ??? ??????? ???????? ??? ??????? ??????? (???? ???? ????? ??????) ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ????????? ????????? ?? ????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????. ??? ??? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ?????. ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????????? ???????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ??????. ???? ??? ??????? ???????? ?? ???????? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???????.

??? ?? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????. ???? ????????? ?? ?????? ??????????? ???????? ????????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ????????? ?? ????????? ??? ?????????. ??? ??? ????? ???????????? ???????? ??? ??? ??? ?? ???????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ????. ??? ???? ???? ????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????. ^[4] ??? ??? 1928? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? 42% ?? ????????? ???????? ??? ????????? ????????.

??? ??? ?? ??? 1935 ??? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ????? ????? ???? ????????? ??????????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????????? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ? ???? ???? ?????? ????? . ??? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??? ??? ????? 100 ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? . ??? ?? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ????????? ?????? ??? ?? ????????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ???????? ??? ????.

????? ?????? [ ??? ]

?? ??? 1940 ???? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? . ????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? (1940 ? 1943)? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ?????. ????? ??????? ????????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ?? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? 1940.

??? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ???????. ??? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ????? ??????? ??? ???????? ???????? ???????. ??? ???? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????. ?????? ???? ?????? ??? 1944? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ?????.

?????? ???????? ??? ????? [ ??? ]

??? ???????? ????????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ???????? ??????? . ??? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ???????? ???? ?? ??? 1946 ??? ???? ??????????? ????????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ???????. ???? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ????????? ????? ??????? ??????? . ??? ?????? ????????? ?? ???????? ????????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? . ??? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ? ??? ??????? ??? 1946 ????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ?????????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??? ? ????? ?????? ???????? . ????? ??????? ????????? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????????? ????????. ?? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? 1955. ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? 1946 ????? ??????.

??????? ??????? [ ??? ]

????? ????? ???????? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ????????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ????. ??? ????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ?? ?????????? ???????? ???? ???? ??? 1946? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? . ??? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????? ???????? ????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ?????????? . ??? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ???????? ???????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ????????? (???? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ????) ?????? ???????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ???????? ????? ?? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? .

??? ???? ????? ??? 1953? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????????. ??? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ????????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ??? 1946. ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ? ??? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????. ??? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??? ???????? ?? ??????. ????? ?????? ?????????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ??? ????????? ??????. ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ????? ????????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ????????? ??????? ???? ?????????? ????????.

??? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ???? ????????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ??????: ??????? ?????????? [??? ?????] ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? . ??? ??? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ????????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? (??? ????? ?????? ??????? )? ?????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ???? ?????. ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ????????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ???????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ?????????? [??? ?????]. ??? ???? ???? ????? ???????? ???? ??? ?? ?????.

????? ????? ?????? [ ??? ]

?? ??? 1956? ???? ??????? ??????? ???????? ????? ?????? (??????? ????????)? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ????????? ??????. ??? ????????? ?????????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ???????? ????????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ????? ????????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????. ???? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????????? ????????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??????. ??? ???????? ??? 1957 ???? ??? ?? 31 ????? ??? ????? ??????? ??? 32 ??????? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??????????? ??? 15 ??????? ??? ???? ????????? ????????? ??????????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ????? ??? 9? ???? ??? ????? ??? 8? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????. ????? ???? ????????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ????. ??? ???? ????? ??? ???????? ???? ????? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ?????????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????????.

??????? ??????? ????? ????????? ?????? [ ??? ]

?? ?????? 1958? ???? ???????? ?? ???? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ????????? ??????? ? ???? ??? ?? ??? ????? . ??????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ???? ???? ???????? ???????? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? . ???? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? 1958 ?? ????? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ??????. ??? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ???????? ??? ???????? ??????? ?? ???? ???????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ???? . ??? ???? ??? ??? ????????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ????????? . ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ? ??? ????? ?? ??? 1959 ??????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ?????????? ??????.

??? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??? 1959? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ?????. ?? ?? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ????. ???? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ?????????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ????????? ????????? ??????? . ????? ?? ??? ????????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ???????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ????????? ?? ??? ????. ???? ???????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ??? 1960? ??? ??????? ????????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ???????. ?????? ????????? ?? ????? 1960? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ????????? ???????? ???? ?? ?????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ????????.

???? ????? [ ??? ]

???? ????

????? ?????? [ ??? ]

Brachet? Julien? Scheele? Judith (2019). The Value of Disorder : Autonomy, Prosperity, and Plunder in the Chadian Sahara . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN : 9781108428330 .
??????? ?. (2020). " Comite de L'Afrique Francaise? the Chad Plan? The Origins of Fashoda ." ?????? ?????????

??????? [ ??? ]

^
The name of the territory was changed several times during the French colonial period:
- Military Territory of the Lands and Protectorates of Chad / (Territoire militaire des pays et protectorats du Tchad) ? September 5, 1900 ? July 5, 1902.
- Circumscription of the Lands and Protectorates of Chad / (Circonscription des pays et protectorats du Tchad) ? July 5, 1902 ? December 29, 1903.
- Territory of Chad / (Territoire du Tchad) ? December 29, 1903 ? February 11, 1906.
- Military Territory of Chad / (Territoire militaire du Tchad) ? February 11, 1906 ? May 14, 1915.
- Territory of Chad / (Territoire du Tchad) ? May 14, 1915 ? March 17, 1920.
- Colony of Chad / (Colonie du Tchad) ? March 17, 1920 ? June 30, 1934.
- Region of Chad / (Region du Tchad) ? June 30, 1934 ? December 31, 1937.
- Territory of Chad / (Territoire du Tchad) ? December 31, 1937 ? November 28, 1958.
- Republic of Chad / (Republique du Tchad) ? November 28, 1958 ? August 11, 1960.
^ ^? ^? Britannica Book Of The Year 1953 ???? ?????? 2 ????? 2020 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
^ The Americana Annual 1946 ???? ?????? 2 ????? 2020 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
^ ^? ^? Brachet? Julien? Scheele? Judith (2019). The Value of Disorder : Autonomy, Prosperity, and Plunder in the Chadian Sahara . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ?. 59-63. ISBN : 9781108566315 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2022-01-13.
^ Azevedo? M. J. (2005)? The Roots of Violence: A History of War in Chad ? Routledge? ?. 52? ISBN : 978-1-135-30081-4 ? ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-08-01

????? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ???? ?? Library of Congress Country Studies ???? http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/ .

[1] The name of the territory was changed several times during the French colonial period:
Military Territory of the Lands and Protectorates of Chad / (Territoire militaire des pays et protectorats du Tchad) ? September 5, 1900 ? July 5, 1902.

Circumscription of the Lands and Protectorates of Chad / (Circonscription des pays et protectorats du Tchad) ? July 5, 1902 ? December 29, 1903.

Territory of Chad / (Territoire du Tchad) ? December 29, 1903 ? February 11, 1906.

Military Territory of Chad / (Territoire militaire du Tchad) ? February 11, 1906 ? May 14, 1915.

Territory of Chad / (Territoire du Tchad) ? May 14, 1915 ? March 17, 1920.

Colony of Chad / (Colonie du Tchad) ? March 17, 1920 ? June 30, 1934.

Region of Chad / (Region du Tchad) ? June 30, 1934 ? December 31, 1937.

Territory of Chad / (Territoire du Tchad) ? December 31, 1937 ? November 28, 1958.

Republic of Chad / (Republique du Tchad) ? November 28, 1958 ? August 11, 1960.

[2] Military Territory of the Lands and Protectorates of Chad / (Territoire militaire des pays et protectorats du Tchad) ? September 5, 1900 ? July 5, 1902.

[3] Circumscription of the Lands and Protectorates of Chad / (Circonscription des pays et protectorats du Tchad) ? July 5, 1902 ? December 29, 1903.

[4] Territory of Chad / (Territoire du Tchad) ? December 29, 1903 ? February 11, 1906.

[5] Military Territory of Chad / (Territoire militaire du Tchad) ? February 11, 1906 ? May 14, 1915.

[6] Territory of Chad / (Territoire du Tchad) ? May 14, 1915 ? March 17, 1920.

[7] Colony of Chad / (Colonie du Tchad) ? March 17, 1920 ? June 30, 1934.

[8] Region of Chad / (Region du Tchad) ? June 30, 1934 ? December 31, 1937.

[9] Territory of Chad / (Territoire du Tchad) ? December 31, 1937 ? November 28, 1958.

[10] Republic of Chad / (Republique du Tchad) ? November 28, 1958 ? August 11, 1960.

[Britannica-2] ? ^? Britannica Book Of The Year 1953 ???? ?????? 2 ????? 2020 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .

[Americana-3] The Americana Annual 1946 ???? ?????? 2 ????? 2020 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .

[مولد_تلقائيا1-4] ? ^? Brachet? Julien? Scheele? Judith (2019). The Value of Disorder : Autonomy, Prosperity, and Plunder in the Chadian Sahara . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ?. 59-63. ISBN : 9781108566315 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2022-01-13.

[5] Azevedo? M. J. (2005)? The Roots of Violence: A History of War in Chad ? Routledge? ?. 52? ISBN : 978-1-135-30081-4 ? ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-08-01

[1]

[3]

[2]

[4]

[5]