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شعار بوابة  ????? ?????
????: ?? ???? ?????? ?????

????? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ???????. [1] [2] [3] ????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??? ?????? ????? ???????? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ???????. ???? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ???????? ??? ??? ??????.

???? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ????? ???? ??? ?? ?? ???????? ????? ????? ???????? ?????????? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??????????? ?????????? .

????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ??????. ?????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ???????? ???????? ???? ????????? ???? ???????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????. ??? ??? 2005 ??? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ???????? ????????? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ???????.

??????? ?????? (?? ??? 636?) [ ??? ]

??????? ???????: ????? ????? ??????

???? ???? ??? ?? ????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ???????????? . [4] ??? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ???????? ?? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??????. ???? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ?????????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????. ??? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ???????? ???? ????????? . ???? ?????? ??? ??? ??? 180,000 ???. [5]

???? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ??? 5000 ???. ???? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????????? ???????? ?? ??? ?? ??? . ??? ??????? ???? ??? ??????? ??????????? ( phoinikies ) ????? ???? ?????????? ???? ???? ???? ???????? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ??????? ????????? ???? ??????? ??. ????? ????? ??????????? ?? ?????? ???????. [6] ??? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ????? ?????. [7]

??? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ≪???? ?? ????≫ ???? ?????? ??? ≪ ????? ≫ ???? ????? ???????.

??? ??????? ?????? ???????

???? ?????? ?????????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ??????. ????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ???? ???????. ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ???????? ???????. ??? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? (?????? ???? ?????? ???? ) ??????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ??? 2686?.? ? 2181 ?.? ???? ????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ???????? ????? ?? ???? ????? . ??????? ????? ??????? (????? ???????? ?????? ) ???????? ?????? ???????.

???????? ??????? [ ??? ]

???? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ????????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??? ????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ??? ?????????? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????. [8]

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??????? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ???????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ???? ?? ????? ????? 12 ?.?. ???? ??????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ???????.

?? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ??????. ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ?????. ?????? ?????????? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ???????? .

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????????? [ ??? ]

?????? ????????? (875 - 608 ?.?) ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????????. ???? ???? ??? ??????? ????????? ??? ??? ????????? ?? ????? 8 ?.?? ??? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????. ?????? ??? ????????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ??? 721 ?.?. ???? ??????? (681?.?) ?????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ????? ????? ??? ???????.

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?????? ????? ?????? ?.? ??? ????????? ??? ??? ????????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?? ??? ??????? . ????? ????? ???????? ????? ????? ??? ???? 13 ???? ????? ???? ?? ???? ??????????????? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ?????.

???? ????? ?????????? ??? ????????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ??? ?????????? ?????? ???. ????? ?????????? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ????? ???????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????. ??? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????.

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??? ???????? ????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ??? ????? ?? ??? 333 ?.?? ??? ?????????? ?? ????? ???????. ??? ?? ??? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? 8 ???? ?? ??????. ???? ?????????? ????? ???????? ????????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ???????. ??? ??? ????????? ??? ?????????? ?????? ???????? . ??? ?? ??????? ????? ????????? ??? ?????? ???????. [9]

???? ??? ????? ??? ????? [ ??? ]

??? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ???????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ??? ???????? ?? ???????. ????? ??? ???????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ???? . [10] ??? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??????????.

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?? ??? 64 ?.? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ????????? ??? ????? ????????? ???? ???????. ????? ????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????. ??? ???? ?????????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ????????? ?????????. ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ????????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ?? ???. ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????????? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ?????.

?????????? [ ??? ]

?? ??? 395 ? ???? ???? ????? (??? ???? ????? ?????) ?????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ???? ????. ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? 30,000 ?? ??????.

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?? ??? ??????????? ??? ???? ??? ????????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? . ???? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ????????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????????? ???? ????? ??? 451?. ??? ??? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ?? 3300 ???? ?????? ?? ????????? ????? ??????? . ???? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ??????. ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????.

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????? ???????? (636?-1920?) [ ??? ]

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???? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ?????? ????????? ???? ?????? ???? ???????? ???????? ?? ??????? ??????? . ???? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ?????. ??? ??? 636? ??? ?????? ???????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?????.

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???? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ???????? ? ???? ??? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ????. [13] ???? ??? ????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ????????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?????. ?? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ???? ???? ????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?????.

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?????? ????????? ??? ????? ?? ???????? ??? 750? ????? ????? ??????. ?? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ?? ????? ??? 756?. ??? ????????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ??? ??? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????????. ??? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?? ????????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ????????? ??? ?????.

????? ????? ?????? [ ??? ]

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  • ??? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ????????? ???????. ??? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????????.

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???? ??????? ???????? (1096 ? - 1291 ?)? ???? ????????? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ????????. ???? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????? ?? ??? 1109?. ?? ??? ????? ????? ?? ??? 1110 ?. ??????? ??? ??? 1124?. ????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ??? .

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????? ????? ?????? ??? ???????? ????????? ??? ????????? ?? ?????? (??????) ??????? ?? ????? (?? ???? ????) ????????? ?? ?????? (?? ?? ???) ????? ????? ????? ????????.

??? ???????? ???? ?????? ????????? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? . ??????? ??? ????? ?? ????????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????. ?? ??? ??????? ??11 ??? 13 ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????. ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???????? ??? 1291 ??????? ???????? ??????? ?? ?????????. ??? ??? 1308 ?????? ???????? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????. ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? . ??? ??? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?????? : ????????? ? ?????????? ? ???????? ??? ??? .

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  • ?? ????? : ?? ??? ????? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??? ??? ??? 1480?? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????? ? 113. [15] ??? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ??? 903?? 1497?? ???? ?? ???? ????????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ???????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ???????? ????? ????? ??? ???????? ????? ???????? ????? ???????? ??? ????? [16] [17] ? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ???????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? [18] ? ????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ??? 1480? ??? 1865 ? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ????? [19] ?

????? ?????? (1516-1918) [ ??? ]

????? ???????? [ ??? ]

??????? ???????: ????? ?????????

?? ??? 1516 ????? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ???????? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ??????. ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ??????. ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ????????? ?????????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ??? 1544 ???? ??? ????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ??? 1585 ????? ????? ??????????.
??? 1590 ????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ????????? ? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ??????? .

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  • ?? ????? (1480?- 1866?): ???? ???? ????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? . ???? ???? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ????. [20] ??? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? . [21] ???? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? . [22] ??? ??? ???????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ???? ??????. [23] [24] ? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? [25] ? ???????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?????. ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ????????. ???? ??????? ???????? ?????? (???????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????) ???????? ??????? ?????. ??? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ???????? ??? [26] ????? ????????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ???????? ????????? ?? ????? ?????? . [27] .... ?? ???? ?????? ????????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ?? ???????? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ????????? ?? ??? ???????? . [28]
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  • ?????? ????????: ?? ???? ?????? (1795 - 1840) ???? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ????. ??? 1819 ??? ???? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???? ????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ???????? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ???????? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??? ??????? ????? ??????. ?? ??? 1822 ??? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ?????? ??????. ???? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ????1831 ??? ???? ????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ??? 1840 ??? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ??????. ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ???????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???????? ???? ????????? ???????? ???? ???????? ??????. ??? ?????? 1841 ??? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ? ????? ????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????.???? ?????? ???????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ?????. ??? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ???????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??? ????? 1841. ????? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? 1842 ???? ?? ???????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? 1842 ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ???? ????????? ????? ??? ?? ??????.
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??? ???????????? [ ??? ]

???? ???????? ?? ???? ?????????

??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ??????? (??????) ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ????????? ??? ????? (?????) ??? ???????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ??? ???????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????????? ??? ?????????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ≪????? ??????≫? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???? ?????????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ???????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? 1844 ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ????????? ???? ??????? ???? ???????? ?? ????? ????????? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ???????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ????????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ??????????? ???? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ??? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ????? ?? ???? 1845? ???? ????????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ?????????? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??? ?????????? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ????????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ?? ???????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??????? (????????? ????) ?? ?????? ???? ????????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ???? 1845? ???? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?? ??? ???????? ???? ??????????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ??? ????????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ????????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????????? ??? ??? ???????? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ????.

??????? ???????? ??????? 1858 - 1860 ?????? ???????? 1860 [ ??? ]

???? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? 1860

??? ???????? ?????????? ???????? ???? ??? ??? ?????????? ??????????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ????????? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ????????? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ???? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????????? ?????? ??? ????? ??? 1860 ????? ????????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ??? 22 ???? ????? ?????? ?? ???????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ??? 29 ?31 ????/???? ??? ????? 60 ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ?? ??????/????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ????????? ????????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ????? ?? ?????????? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? 9 ? 11 ????/?????? ????? ?? ?? ????????? ??????? ????? ??????? ????????? ????? ?????. [29]

?????? ???????? [ ??? ]

???????? 1861 ????? ?????????

???? ????? ???? ???? ????? ???????? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ????????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ????????? ?? ??????? ????????? ??? ???????? 1861 ???? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ???????? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ????????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ????????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ???????.

??????? ?? ????? [ ??? ]

??????? ???????: ????? 1915

???? ????? ??? ??????? 1915 ?1918 ???? ????? ????? ?? ????? ????????? ? ???? ????? ????? ? ???????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? [30] ?????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ? ????? ????? ?????? ≪??? ??? ??????? ??? ?????≫. ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ????????.

??????? ????? ???? [ ??? ]

?????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????? (????? ???????)? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ????????? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????.

???????? ??????? (1920-1946) [ ??? ]

??????? ???????: ???????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????
????? ???????? ????? ????? ??? 1920

????? ????? ????????? ????????? ? ???? ????? ??????? ????????? ??? 1912 ??? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ???????? ??? ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ????????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ???????. ???? 1918 ????? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ????????? ???? ??? ?????????. ???? ??? ???????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??? ?????. ????? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ???? ?????.

?? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ????. ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ???????.

????? ????? [ ??? ]

?? ??? 1919 ? ??? ????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ????????? ??? ?????????? ????? ??? ???????? ??????. ??? ???????? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ?????. ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ??? ??????? ???????.

???? ????? ?????? [ ??? ]

? ?? ?????/?????? ?? ??? 1920 ???? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ???. ????? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ????. ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? (???? ???? ???????? ??????? ?????) ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? (????? ??????? ?????? ???????)? ?????? ?????? ?? 3500 ??? ???? ??? 10452 ??? ????? ?????? ????? ?? 414 ??? ???? ??? 628 ????? [31]

??? 23 ????/???? ?? ??? 1926 ??? ???? ???????? ??????? ????? ???? ????????? ?????????. ??? ??? 1926 ???? ????????? ????????? ?????????? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ??????.

?????????? ??????? ?? ??? ????????? [ ??? ]

?????? ???????? [ ??? ]

??? ????? ≪???? ????? ??????≫ ?? ?????? ?? ????????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ??:

  • 1? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ?? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ????????.
  • 2? ??? ???????? ??? ???????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ???? ???????? ??? ≪???? ?????≫? ?????? ?????? ???? ? ??? ≪????? ??????≫ ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????.
  • 3? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ??????.

?? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ????????? ????????? ??????? ????????. ??? ????????? ??? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ???????? ????? ??????. ???? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ???? ????????? ???????? ≪?????????≫ ?? ?????? ???? ????? ≪??????≫ ??? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ≪?????? ??????≫? ???? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??? ???? ????? [32] ?????? ?????? . ??? ??? 1930 ??? ??? 1943? ???? ≪????≫ ???? ?????/????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ????????? ? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ?? ??? ???????? ?????? ???????? ? ??? ???? ??? ???????? ???????: ?? ??? ???? ?????????? ??? ????????? ?? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ??? ???????? ??? ?????? ?????? ? ??????.

???? ?????? [ ??? ]

????? ???? ?????

?? ????? ????? ???????? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ??????? ????????? ??? 1943 ????? ??? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ???????. ???? ??? ????? ???? ?? ??????????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? . ??? 21 ????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ????????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ????????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? "?????" ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????" ??? ???? ????????? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??? ???? ?????? ? ???? ????? ? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ????? . ????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ?????. ??? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? 22 ????? ?????? 1943 ???? ??? ??? ???? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ??? 1947 ?? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ?????.

??????? ????? (1946 ??? ????) [ ??? ]

???? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ?? 22 ?????? 1943 ??? ???????? ?? ?? 1 ????? 1944 . ??????? ?????? ???????? ?? 1946 ? ????? ????? ????? ??? ????????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????????? ???????? ?????????.

??? 1948 [ ??? ]

???? ????? ???????? ?? ??? 1948 ?? ?????? ???????????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ???????? ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ?? ??????? ?????????. ????? ?????? ?? 7 ????? 1949 ??? ??????? ??? ???????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ??? 24 ?????? ?20 ????? 1949? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ??????.

???? 1958 [ ??? ]

?? ????? 1958 ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????? ???? ????? ? ?????? ???? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ??????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ???????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ???????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ?????????.

??? 1967 [ ??? ]

?????? ??? 1967 ??? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? . ???? ??? ????? ???? ???? ????????? ??? ??? ???? ??????????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????????. ???? ????????? ??????? ?? ???????? ?????????? ?? ????? ???? ???????? ????????????. ???? ??? ???? ???????? ?? ???????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ????? ???????. ??? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ????????? ??? ??? ???????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ?????????? ?? ?????.

???? 1969 ???????? ??????? [ ??? ]

?? ??? 1969 ???? ???? ??? ????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ??????. ???? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ??????. ?? ????? ?????? 1969? ??? ????? ≪????? ???????≫ ?? ????? ??????? ??????????. ??? ??? ??????? ≪??????≫ ????? ??≪???????? ??????????≫ ?? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ????? ???? ??≪????? ???????≫ ???? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ???????.

??? ??? 1970? ???? ?????? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ??????????? ??? ?????.

??? 1973 ???????? ???? ?????? [ ??? ]

??? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ???????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ??? 1973?. ???? ????? ?? 6 ????? ????? 1973 ????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ???????.????? ????? ????? ???????? ??? ??????? ?? ???????? ?? 31 ???? 1974 ??? ????? ??????? ????????? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????????.

?????? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ???????? ?? ?? ?? ??????? ???? ??????? ????????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ????? . ???? ???????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???????? ??????????? ??????? ???????.

??? ??????? 1975-1977 [ ??? ]

???? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? .

???? ????? ??????? ????????? ??? ???? 1975 ?1990 ????? ????? ??? ????????? ?? ??? ???????????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ????. ??? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ????. ??? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????????? ?? ??? ????????? ???????? ??? ??? ???????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ?? ?????. ?????? ????? ???????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ???????? ?????????? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ????????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ???????.

?????? ??????? ?????? 1982 [ ??? ]

?? 6 ?????? 1982? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ???????. ???? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??? ??? ???????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ??? ???. ????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? 17?? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?? ??? ????? ????? ?? ?????. ????? ??? ???????? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ????????? ?????????? ?? ????? ???????? ??????? ????????.

?????? ??????? (1983-2005) [ ??? ]

??? ???????? ????????? ? ??? ???????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ??? 1982 ?? ???? ?????? ??????????. ????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? 14 ?????? 1982. ??? 6 ???? 1983 ???? ??????? 6 ????/?????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ????????? ???? ?????? ??? 1984 ?? ????? 17 ???? . ????? ?????? ??? ????? ???????? ???????? ??? ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ??? ?? ??????????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ???????????? ?? ????????? ?????? ??? ?? ??????????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ??? 1987 ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????.

????? ?????? 1989 [ ??? ]

????? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?? 30 ?????? 1989 ?? ????? ??????. ????? ??? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ???? 62 ?????? ???????? ?? ??? 73? 8 ?? ????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? 3 ???? ????????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ???.

?????? ??????? 1989-1990 [ ??? ]

?? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ???????. ??????? ???????? ???????? ? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ???? ??????? ????. ??? ?? ???? ??? ?? ???????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ?????. ????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???? ??????? ????????. ????? ????? ??? ??? ???????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ?? ??? ?????? ??????. ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?? ?????? ????????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ?????????.? ??? ????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ???????? ??????? ??.

???? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ? ???? ????????? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ???????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ?????. ??? ????? ????? 1990? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ???????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ???????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?? ??? ???????. ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ????????? .

????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? [ ??? ]

??????? ??????? [ ??? ]

???? ?????? ??????? ?? 1990 ???? 2005 ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ?? ??????? ???????? ????????? ????????. ??? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? . ????? ????? ?????? ????????? ?? ?? ??????? ????????? ????? ?? ?????? ( ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ) ?? ?? ????? ( ???? ???? ). ????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ??? 40 ????? ????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ??????? ????????.

???????? ????????? [ ??? ]

??????? ???????: ??? ????

????? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????????? ???????? ?? ?????? ???????. ????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?? ???????? ?????????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ????????? ?????????. ????? ???????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????????? ?? ???? ????? ??????????? ??????? ????? ???? ???????? ?????? ???. ??????? ???????? ????????? ?? ????? ?????? ????????? ????? ??? 1993 ? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ???????? ???? ???????? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ??????????. ????? ??? ??? 96 ? ???? ???????? ????????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ??? 99 ? ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ??? ???? ??? 2000 ?? ?? ???? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ????????? ????????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ???????. ??? ??? ????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ????? ??????? ???????? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ????? ??? ???? 33 ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ????????. ???? 33 ???? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????? ??? ?? ???????? ???????? ??? ????????? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ???????? ????????.

?????? ??????? ?? ????? ??? 2000 [ ??? ]

??????? ???????: ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ??? 2000

??? ??? 2000? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????????? ???? ????? ????????? ???????? ??. ?????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ?????????.

???? ????? [ ??? ]

??????? ???????: ???? ?????

??? ????? ?????? ??? ?????????? ?????? ????????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ????????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? 1559 ???? ??? ?? ???? 2004 ????? ????? ??????? ????? ???????? ??? ??? ???? ????????? ????????? ???? ??????. [33] ??? 14 ???? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ????????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????. ??? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ?? 8 ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ??????. ?? ???????? ??? ?????????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? 14 ????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ???????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ???????? ?????? ???????? ?? ??? ?????? ???????? ???????? ???? ???????? ??? ???????? ??? ?????. ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ?????. ??? ????? ????? ?????????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? 8 ???? ????? 14 ????. ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????.

?????? ???????? [ ??? ]

??????? ???????: ????? ???? ?????

???? ????? ??? ???? ???????? ????? ?? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ????????? ????????? ???????? ??? ???? ??????? ??????. ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ????????? ?? ?????? ????????. ????? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ?????????? ??? ??? ??????? ???????.

????? ??????????? ??? ????? 2006 [ ??? ]

??????? ???????: ??? ????? 2006
????? ??? 2006

?? ???? 2006? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ????????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????. ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ??????. ??????? ???????? ????? ???? ???????? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??? ???????? ??? ???? ??? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ??? 1701.

????? ??? ?????? [ ??? ]

?? 20 ???? 2007 ??? ???? ??? ?????? ? ??? ???? ??????? ??????????? ????? ????? ?????? ? ???? ???? ????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ?? ??? ???? ???. ???? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? 17 ?????. ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ????/???? ??? ?????/?????? ??? 2007 ?????? ?? ???? ??? 400 ???? ?? ????? 168 ?????? ???????. ?????? ??????? ??? ???????? ?????? ??? ???? ??????.

????? ?????? ?? ???? 2008 [ ??? ]

??????? ???????: ????? 7 ????

?? ??? 7 ???? ?? ????? 2008 ??? ????? ?? ??????? ????????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ??? ???????? ?????????. ????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ????????? ??? 1990.????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???? ????????? ??????? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ????? ?????? . ????? ???? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ????????. ???? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ???????? ????? ≪??? ?????≫ ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ? ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????.

????? ?????? [ ??? ]

??????? ???????: ????? ??????

????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ????????? ??? ???????? 21 ???? 2008 ?? ?????? ???? . ??? ???? ????? ?? 18 ????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ?????. ???? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ???????? ????????? ???????? ??? ???? ?????????? ??????? ?? ???? 2009.

????????? [ ??? ]

??? ????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?????? (?? ??????)? ???? ?? ????? 2008 ??????? ??? ????? ???????? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ????????? ???? ????. ????? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ????. ?????? ???? ???? ?? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ???????? ??? ?????????.

???? ???? [ ??? ]

???? ????? - ????? - ??? ????? 1982 - ???????? ??????? ??? ????? - ????? ?????? ????? - ??? ????? ??????? - ?????? ???????? ?????????? - ????? ?????? - ?????? 17 ???? - ????? ??????? 1969 - ??????? ??? - ?????? ?????? ?? ????? - ??? ??????? - ???? ????? ??????? - ????? ??????? - ??????? ????????? (????? 1984)

????? ?????? [ ??? ]

?????? ?????? [ ??? ]

  1. ^ Douka, K. 2011. An Upper Palaeolithic shell scraper from Ksar Akil (Lebanon). Journal of Archaeological Science 38 (2):429-437 ???? ?????? 14 ???? 2012 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
  2. ^ "Security Council receives Mehlis report; Annan condemns new assassination in Lebanon" . UN. 12 ?????? 2005. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2016-04-22 . ???? ???? ?????? 2012-08-14 .
  3. ^ "Hezbollah and allies topple Lebanese unity government" . BBC. 12 ????? 2011. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2018-07-12 . ???? ???? ?????? 2011-01-12 .
  4. ^ ????? ????? ??????? ???????????? ???? ?????? 22 ???? 2011 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
  5. ^ ???? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ???? 4? 1996
  6. ^ Profile of Lebanon ???? ?????? 17 ???? 2018 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
  7. ^ ??????? ????? ?? ????????? ?????? 1896
  8. ^ History of Egypt from the Earliest Time to the Persian Conquest , ???? ???? ????? , p. 216, republished 2003, ISBN 0-7661-7720-3
  9. ^ ???????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? 02 ???? 2014 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? . [ ???? ?????? ]
  10. ^ ???? ???? ?? ??? : ????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? (?. ?)? ? 25
  11. ^ ???? ?????? ????? ???????
  12. ^ ???? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ????????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ???????
  13. ^ ????? ???? ?????? : ??? ??? ????? ? 65-66
  14. ^ ???????? ????? ???? ?????? 02 ???? 2014 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? . [ ???? ?????? ]
  15. ^ ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????2012? ? 255.
  16. ^ ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ? 163.
  17. ^ ????? ?????? ?. ??? ???? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ? ???? ???? 1987?? ? 226.
  18. ^ ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ????? 2013? ????1? ? 245
  19. ^ ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ?????2013? ???? ???? ? 243.
  20. ^ ????? ?????? ????? ? 86.
  21. ^ ????? ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ? 272.
  22. ^ ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ????? 2013? ?1? ? 258.
  23. ^ THE SHIITES OF LEBANON UNDER OTTOMAN RULE (1516 -1718), STEFAN WINTER, CAMBRIDGE UNlVERSITY PRESS, 2010, Page 43&42
  24. ^ ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ????? 2013? ?1? ? 305? ???????? ? 571.
  25. ^ ????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ?????????? ? 61.? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ? 374.
  26. ^ ?????? ????? ????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ????? 1931? - ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ????? 2013? ????1? ? 374.
  27. ^ ?????? ????????? ?????? ??????????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? 2002.???????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? 2013? ???? 1? ? 7? 8.
  28. ^ ?????? ????? ????? ?????? - 2002? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ? 143.? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ????? 2013? ????1? ? 12.
  29. ^ ???? ???????? ?????? 1860 ???? ?????? 04 ???? 2016 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
  30. ^ ???? ???? ???? ? ????? ?????? 20 ????? 2011. ???? ?????? 06 ???? 2018 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
  31. ^ ????? ?????..?????? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? 12 ?????? 2016 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
  32. ^ ?? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ????????? ?? ????? [ ???? ?????? ] ???? ?????? 6 ?????? 2007 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
  33. ^ ?? ???? ???? ????? ??? 1559 - ???? ??????? ???? ?????? 27 ?????? 2009 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .

????? [ ??? ]

  • ????? ???? " Lebanon in History: From the Earliest Times to the Present "? ??? ????: St. Martin's Press, 1957.
  • ??????? ?????? ????????? ≪ ???????? ≫? #
  • ISBN 0-7434-3437-4
  • ?????? ???????? ≪ ????? ??????? ????????? ≫? ??? ?????? 1890?
خارطة شبه الجزيرة العربية ????? ???? ????? خارطة شبه الجزيرة العربية
??????? ???????? ????? ????? | ????? ?????? | ????? ?????? | ????? ?????
?????? ?? ≪ https://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=?????_?????&oldid=66284798 ≫