??? ?????? ??????

????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ????? ??? (?? ??? ????? ?????) ????????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ????????. ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ? ???? . ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? .

??????? [ ??? ]

???? ????????? ???????? ???????? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?????? (???? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ??????????) ????? ??? ?????.

?? ?????? ???????? ??? ????? ???????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ???????? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ????? ????? ??? ???????.

?? ???????? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ????????? ??? ???????? ????? ????? ? ????? ???? ??????????. ?? ??? 1917? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? 2.75 ? ?? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?????????. ?? ??? 1919? ???? ???????? ??? ????? Volstead ? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ????????? ????? 0.5 ?. ????? ??? ????????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ???????? tonics? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?????. ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ????? ???. ?? ??? 1933? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ???????? ??????. ^[1]

????? ??????????? ???????????? ??? ??????? ????????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ≪???????≫. ?? 2010s? ???? ????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????. ??? ??? ?????? ????????? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ≪????? ???????≫.

?? ????? ????? ?????? ????????? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? (???? ???? ???? ??? ?????). ^[2] ??? ????? ??? ?? ?? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????? ???? ???????? ????? ????? ??? ???????? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ?????. ^[3]

???????? ??????? [ ??? ]

???? ?????? ????????? ?????? ??? ???????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ?????????? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???. ^[4] ^[5]

????????? [ ??? ]

?? ???????? ??????? ? ???? ????????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ?? 0.5 ? ?? ?????? ??? ????? (ABV) ???? ??????? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ????. ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ?? 21 ????? ?? ?????? ?? ???????? ?????????.

?? ??????? ??????? ? ???? ????????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ≪???? ??????≫ ??? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ??????. ??????? ??? ??????? ??? ????: ^[6]

?? ???? ?? ???? ?? ??????: ?? ???? ?? 0.05? ?? ???? ??????
????? ??????: ???? ?? 0.05 ? ???? ??? ?? 0.5 ? ???? ??????
????? ??????: ?? ???? ?? 1.2 ? ???? ??????

?? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ? ??? ??? ????? ????? ??? ???? ?? 0.5? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ??????? ≪????? ?? ??????≫.

?? ???????? ? ???? ????? ≪????? ???????≫ ??? ?? ??? ????? ??? ??? ?? 3.5? ?? ??????.

??? ????? [ ??? ]

????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ???????? ??? ??????? ???????? ????? ?????. ??? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ???????????? ? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ?? ?? ?? ???????????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????. ^[7]

?? ????????? ????? ????? ???????? ??? ????? 5? ?? ???? ?????? . ????? ????? ?????? ????? 2.2 ? - 2.3 ?. ^{[
????? ?????
]}

?? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? 2.6 ? - 4.0 ? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ≪??????? ??????≫ ??? ??? ?? 2.5 ?. ^[8]

?? ???????? ???????? ????? ???? ???????? ???????? ????? ??????? ?? ???????? ??? ?? ??? Bud Light ? Coors Light ?Miller Lite ? 4.2? ???? ?????? ? ?? ??? ????? 16? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? 5? ???? ?????? . ^[7]

????? ??????? [ ??? ]

?? ?????? ??? ????? ≪??????? ?? ?????≫ ??????? ???????? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ??? ?????? (??? ?? 0.5? ABV )? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?? ???????? ??????? . ?? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ≪???≫ ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ≪????? ???? ≫. ^[9] ??? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ≪?????? ?? ?????≫.

??? ????? [ ??? ]

????? ??????? ?? ??? / ??? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? . ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ? ?????? ???????? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????????. ??? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ????????? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????????.

??? ??? ?????? [ ??? ]

?????? ?????? [ ??? ]

???? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??????. ^[3] ???? ???? ????? ???????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???????? ? ??? ????? ???? ???????? ????? ≪??????? ?? ??????≫. ?????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? Holsten ????????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? .

??????? [ ??? ]

??? ??? ????? ??? ???????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???????? ???????? ????????? ?? ??? 2015? ?? ????? ??????? ????????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ???? . ^[10]

????? [ ??? ]

?? ??? 2008? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ???????? ????????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ???? 2008 ?2013. ^[11]

????? [ ??? ]

?????? ????? ??? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????. ??? ???????? ???????? ????????? ?? " Coolberg " ???? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????????? ??????. Coolberg ?? ??? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????.

?????? ???????? [ ??? ]

?????? ???????? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ??? ????????. ?? ???????? ???????? ??? ???? ????????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ??????. ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ????????. ^[12]

?????? [ ??? ]

??????? ?? ?????? ????????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? . ^[13]

???? ???? [ ??? ]

??????? [ ??? ]

^ Naleszkiewicz? John (?????? 1995). "Low alcohol beer". Brew Your Own .
^ The Economist explains: "Why are sales of non-alcoholic beer booming?" ???? ?????? 2018-03-13 ?? Wayback Machine
^ ^? ^? The Economist : "Sin-Free Ale" ???? ?????? 2017-07-01 ?? Wayback Machine
^ Helmenstine? Anne. "Hangover Remedies and Prevention" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2017-02-25 . ???? ???? ?????? 2011-11-30 .
^ "Get Rid of Hangover" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2018-12-01.
^ "Low Alcohol Descriptors Guidance" (PDF) . Department of Health and Social Care. 13 ?????? 2018. ????? ?? ????? (PDF) ?? 2019-07-25.
^ ^? ^? "Light Beers" . BeerAdvocate.com, Inc. 3 ?????? 2001. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2006-06-24 . ???? ???? ?????? 2006-12-13 .
^ "Brewers Association of Canada: A Field Guide To Canadian Beer" en . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2009-05-28 . ???? ???? ?????? 2020-02-05 . {{ ??????? ??? }}: ?????? ??? ???? |script-title=: ????? ?????? ( ?????? )
^ Kansas Department of Revenue - Alcoholic Beverage Control - History of Alcoholic Beverages in Kansas ???? ?????? 2007-01-17 ?? Wayback Machine
^ "No Alcohol, But Is This Beer Halal?" . ??? ????? ?????? . 25 ?????? 2015. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2018-09-10 . ???? ???? ?????? 2015-07-21 .
^ "Alcoholic Drinks in Iran" . Euromonitor.com. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2010-02-09 . ???? ???? ?????? 2011-07-12 .
^ Peyser, Eve. Non-Alcoholic Beer Is for Everyone Now?Yes, Even You Esquire, JUL 18, 2019. ???? ?????? 2019-08-24 ?? Wayback Machine
^ RTVE.es/SINC. "Consiguen extraer aromas de la cerveza con alcohol para mejorar el sabor de la 'sin' " . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2018-10-10.

??? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????? ??????? :

????? ????? ?????

[John-1] Naleszkiewicz? John (?????? 1995). "Low alcohol beer". Brew Your Own .

[2] The Economist explains: "Why are sales of non-alcoholic beer booming?" ???? ?????? 2018-03-13 ?? Wayback Machine

[Sin-Free_Ale-3] ? ^? The Economist : "Sin-Free Ale" ???? ?????? 2017-07-01 ?? Wayback Machine

[Anne-4] Helmenstine? Anne. "Hangover Remedies and Prevention" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2017-02-25 . ???? ???? ?????? 2011-11-30 .

[HangoverHQ-5] "Get Rid of Hangover" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2018-12-01.

[UKcategories-6] "Low Alcohol Descriptors Guidance" (PDF) . Department of Health and Social Care. 13 ?????? 2018. ????? ?? ????? (PDF) ?? 2019-07-25.

[beer-advocate-criticism-7] ? ^? "Light Beers" . BeerAdvocate.com, Inc. 3 ?????? 2001. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2006-06-24 . ???? ???? ?????? 2006-12-13 .

[8] "Brewers Association of Canada: A Field Guide To Canadian Beer" en . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2009-05-28 . ???? ???? ?????? 2020-02-05 . {{ ??????? ??? }}: ?????? ??? ???? |script-title=: ????? ?????? ( ?????? )

[9] Kansas Department of Revenue - Alcoholic Beverage Control - History of Alcoholic Beverages in Kansas ???? ?????? 2007-01-17 ?? Wayback Machine

[wsj-10] "No Alcohol, But Is This Beer Halal?" . ??? ????? ?????? . 25 ?????? 2015. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2018-09-10 . ???? ???? ?????? 2015-07-21 .

[euro-11] "Alcoholic Drinks in Iran" . Euromonitor.com. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2010-02-09 . ???? ???? ?????? 2011-07-12 .

[12] Peyser, Eve. Non-Alcoholic Beer Is for Everyone Now?Yes, Even You Esquire, JUL 18, 2019. ???? ?????? 2019-08-24 ?? Wayback Machine

[13] RTVE.es/SINC. "Consiguen extraer aromas de la cerveza con alcohol para mejorar el sabor de la 'sin' " . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2018-10-10.

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????? ?????

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