???? ???????

?? ?????????? ???????? ?????
??? ?? ?? ??????? ?? ??? 1874.

???? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? 1872 ? 1876 ?????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ?????????? ???? ???? ??? ???????? . ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ???????? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?? ??????? .

??? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ???????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ??? ??? 1872 ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????????? . ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ? ????? ?? ????????? ?? ??????? ? ?? 21 ?????? 1872 . [4] ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ??????. [5] ??? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ??? 70000 ??? ???? (130,000 ??) ???? ????? ??????????. ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??????? 1873-76? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ?? 4000 ??? ??? ????? ?? ???. ???? ??? ????? ? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ≪???? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????????? ???????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ≫. ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????????? .

??? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???? ????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ????? ???????. ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????????.

???? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??? ????????. ???? ?????? ????? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ???????????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????.

?? ?????? ???? ???? ????? 68,890 ????? ?????? (127,580 ?????????) ??? ??????? ?????? 492 ???? ?? ????? ??????? ? 133 ?? ??????? ???????? ? 151 ??????? ?? ?????? ????????? ? 263 ????? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ??????. ??? ?? ?????? ????? 4700 ??? ???? ?? ?????? ???????.

????? ??????? 21 ????? ?????? 216 ?? ????? ??????. ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ??? 144 ???? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ????????? ?????? ???.

??????? [ ??? ]

  1. ^ ????? ??: Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa Collections Online . ??????? ??? ?? ???? ???????? (TePapa): 43874 . ??????: 13 ???? 2024. ??????: ???? ????????? ?????? ?? ????. ??? ????? ?? ??? ?????: ??????????.
  2. ^ ? ? ? ? ???? ????: https://doi.org/10.3099/MCZ24.1 .
  3. ^ ? ? ????? ??: A Select Bibliography of Scientific Expedition Reports held by the National Museum of New Zealand Library, Wellington with Historical and Descriptive Annotations . ????? ?????: 1979. ??????: New Zealand Library School.
  4. ^ Rice? A.L. (1999). "The Challenger Expedition". Understanding the Oceans: Marine Science in the Wake of HMS Challenger . Routledge. ?. 27?48. ISBN : 978-1-85728-705-9 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 22 ???? 2020 . ???? ???? ?????? ????? 2020 . {{ ??????? ????? }} : ???? ?? ??????? ??: |????? ??????= ( ?????? )
  5. ^ The Voyage of H.M.S. Challenger 1873-1876. Narrative Vol. I. First Part. Chapter I - pages 19 and 20 list the civilian staff and naval officers and crew, along with changes that took place during the voyage. ???? ?????? 03 ???? 2016 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
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