한국   대만   중국   일본 
???????? ?? ???????? - ????????? ????? ??? ???????

???????? ?? ????????

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?????? ???????? ?? ???????? ???? ???? ???????? ???????? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ? [1] ????? ?????? ???????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? 2005 ? ???? ?? 76% ?? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? 13% ??????? ? ?????? 11% ????? ??????? ????. [2] [3] ????????? ???????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ????????? ?? ???? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ????? 500 ??? ?????? [4] ??????? ?? ???????? ?? ??? ??? ? ?????? ? ???? ???????? . [4] ????? ????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ??? 2010 ???? ???? ????????? ??????? ????? 12.6% ?? ???? ???? ???????? ?? ????? 940,000 ????. [5] ?????? ?? ????????? ?? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ???????? ? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ????. [6]

????? [ ??? ]

?????? ??????? [ ??? ]

??? ????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???? ???????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????. [7] [8] [9]

???? ??????? ??? ????? ???????? ????????? ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ???????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ?? ????????? [7] ?????? ?? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ????? ????? ?? ≪ ????? ?????? ≫. [8] ????? ??????? ????????? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ????? ???????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ???????? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ???????????? ????????? ??? ??? 309 ???? 379 ??? ????????? ?????? ???? ???????????? ????? ??????. [7] ???? ??? 410 ??? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ???????. ??? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ???????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ?????. [7]

?? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ?????????? ?? ????? ???????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????. ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? 600 ? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ?? ?????? ???? ??? 750 . ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? 50 ??? ??? 350 ?????? ??? ??????? . ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ??? 676 . [10] ??????? ?? ?? ???? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????? ?????????. [11]

?? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????????? ?????????? (??? ?? ??? ????? ??? ????? ) ?????????? ????????? ??? ???? ????? ???????? ??????. [12] ????? ????? ????????? ???? ????? . [13] [14] ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ??? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ???????? ?????? ???????? ?? ??????? ??? ???????? ???????. [15] ??? ?????? ????? ????? ≪????? ????????≫ ?????? ????????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ???????. [16] [17] ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???? . [18] ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ?? ???????? ????????? ???????? ???? ??? ?????? ? ????? ???? ?? ??? ???????? ?????. [16] [18] ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????. [7]

?????? ??????? [ ??? ]

????? ????? ???????? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ????????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ????????? ????????? ??????? . ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? 1900 ? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ???????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ????? ????????. ???? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ????????? ?????? ???? ?????? . [19] ????? ??? 1918 ????? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ?? ????????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ???? ???????. ??? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ( 1912 - 1922 ) ?? ????????? ????????? ??????? ????????????? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ??????. ????? ??? ??? ???????? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????????? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ????????. [19] ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ???????? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ????? ????? ?? ????????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?????????. ????? ??? ???? ????? ????????? ?? ??? 1958 ?? ??? ????? ? [20] ??? ?????????? ?? ????? ???????? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ????????? ?????? ????. [20] ?? ??? 1962 ??? ????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ???????? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? 1966 ? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ?? ????? ??? ? ????? ????? ??????? ????. [21] [22] ??? ????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ??? ??????? ????????????? ???????????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???. [23] ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ???????? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ????????? ??????? ????????. [7] ??? ???? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ????????? ??? ????????? ????????? ????? ????? ???? ???????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ??????????? ?? ????? ???????? ??? ??? ????? ???????? ??? ??????? ??? 31 ???? ?? ??? 2007 . [24] ??? 25 ?????? ??? 2007 ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ???????? ??????? ???????????? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ???. [25]

???????? ??? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????????? ?? ???.

?????? ??????? ?? ???????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ???????? ???? ?????? ???????? ? [26] ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????? ???????? ???????? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ???????? ?? ??? ????? 11 ?????? [27] ??? ??????? ????? 15 ????? ???? ???? ?? 170 ?????? [27] ??? ??? ??? ????? 17 ????? ?????. [28] ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ???????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ≪??????? ????????≫ ???? ??? ??? ????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ????????? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ????????. [29] ??? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ??????? ???????? ???????????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????????? ?? ??? ??? ? [30] ?????? ??????? ???? ??????? ??????? ???????????? ?? ????? ??????? ? [31] ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???????.

???? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ????????? ??????????? ????? ??????? ???????? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ????????? ?? ???????? ?????? ???? ?????? . ?? 3 ?????? ?? ??? 2019 ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??? ???? ???????? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ???????. [32] ??? ???? ????????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ???????? ????? ????? ?????? [33] ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????? [7] ??? ??? ??????? ???????? ?? ???????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ? ??? ???? ????? ????? ?? ????????? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? . ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????????? ???????? ???????????? ????????????? ?????????? ????????? ??????????? ?????????? ????? ??? ????????? ????????? .

??????? ???????? [ ??? ]

??????????? [ ??? ]

??????? ???????: ????????? ??????????? ?? ???????? ??????? ???????

??? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?? 250,000 ????????? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ????????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?????? [34] ?? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ????????? ??? 2010 ?????? 740,000 ?? ????? 9.9% ?? ??????. [35] ?????? ??????? ??????????? ?? ????????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ???????? ????????? ??? ???????? ?? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??? ????????? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? . ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ??????????? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?? ??????? ??????????? ????????? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? . ?????? ?? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????. ????? ?? ??? 1888 ?? ??? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??? 2011. ??? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ??? 1973 ????? ?? ????? ??? ????????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ??? . [36] ??? ??? 1916 ??? ?? ????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ??????? .

?? 3 ?????? ?? ??? 2019 ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ????? ??? ???? ???????? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ???????. [32] ??? ???? ????????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ???????? ????? ????? ?????? [33] ??? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ???? . ??????? ???????? ?? ???????? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??? ?????? ? ??? ??? ?????? ????????? ??????? ????????. [34] ??? 5 ?????? ?? ??? 2019 ??? ?????? ?????? ? ?????? ???????? ?? ???????? ???? ??? ????? ?? 130 ??? ????????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ???????? ??? ??? . [37] ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? . ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ???????? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ????????. [38]

????????????? [ ??? ]

???? ????? ????? ????? ???????????? ?? ??? .

??? ????????????? ???? ???? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ???????? ??????? ???????? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ??? 2010 ????? ????? ??????????? ?????? 100,000 ??? ?? ????? 1.3% ?? ??????. [35] ??? ??? ??????? ????????????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ????????? . [39] ??? ???????? ????? ???? ?? ???????? ??? ??? 1988 . [40] ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ????????? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ???????? ???????. [41] ????? ??????? ???????????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????. ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ??????? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????. ???? ????? ?????? ????????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?? ??????. ?? 25 ?????? ?? ??? 2007 ? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???????? ??????? ?????????????? ???? ??????? . [25] ??? 25 ?????? ?? ??? 2007 ? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ???????? ??????? ???????????? ???? ???????. [25]

????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ????????? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ???????. [42] ???? ????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? 2014 ??? ???????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ?? ???????? ?????? 200 ???? [43] ??? ????? ????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ?????: ????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ???? ?????????? ?? ????? ??? 2015 ???? ?? ????? 200 ???? ?? ???????? ???? ??? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????????. [44]

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

??????????? [ ??? ]

??????? ???????? ?? ????? ??? ??? .

????? ????? ??? ??????? ??? 2010 ????? ????? ????????? ?????? 100,000 ??? ?? ????? 1.3% ?? ??????. [35] ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????????? ??????? ?? ???????? ?? ?? ???? ????????? ???????? ???????? ( ??? ???????? )? ?????? ????????? ???????? ?? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ???????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ????????? . ?????? ??????? ????????????? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??? 1980 ?? ??? ??????? ??????????? ??????????? ????? ??????? ??? ??? 1969 ???? 2014 ? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????????? ??????? ?? ???????? ??????? ???????. [45] ???? ??? 1989 ? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ???????? ?????. ??? ????? ????????????? ??????? ?? ??? 2014 ? ??? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ????????? ????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ?? ???????? ??????? ???????. ??? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ???? ?????? ?????????? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ???????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ??? 2014 ?????? ???? ??????????? ??????????? ??????? ??? ??????????? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ???. [46]

??? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ? ???????? ???????? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ? [47] ????? ?????? ?? ???????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? . ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ????????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ????? ?????? ??? ???????. [48] ???? ??????? ??????? ??????????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?? ??? ???? [48] ????? ???? ?????? ???????? ????? ??????? ?????? [48] ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ???? [49] ???????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????? . [50] ???? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ?????????.

????? ???????? [ ??? ]

????? ?????? ???? ????????? ????????????? ?? ??? .

???? ?????? ???? ??????? ????????. [51] ??? ??? ????????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?? ????. ????? ???????? ???? ?????? ???????? ??? ?? ????????? ???? ???????? ??? ???????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ???????. ?????? ?? ???????? ???? ??????? ???????? ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????????? ??????? ???????????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ??? ????????????? ????? ??? ??? ?? ??????? ????????? ??????????? . [52] ??????? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????. [52] ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????????. [53] ?? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ???????? ??? ???????. [53]

???? ????????? ???? ?? ?? ?? ????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ????? ?? ?????????? [54] ????? ???????? ???? ??? ??? 2014 ????? 25% ?? ???? ????? ??? ?? ?????????. [55] ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ???????? ???? ?? ???????? ???????? ???? ????? ????????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ??????? ????????? ????? ????? ? [56] ?????? ??? ????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ????????? ????????? ???? ????? ???????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????????. ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ?????: ????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ???? ?????????? ?? ????? ??? 2015 ???? ?? ????? 200 ????? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ???????? . [57]

??????? [ ??? ]

???? ????????? ?????? ????????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ?? 100 ??? ???? ??? ????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ????? . ????? ??? ????? ??????? ???????????? ???????????? ???????? ?????????. [4]

??? ?? ??? ? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ?? ??? ??? ? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????????? ??? 2007 ??? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ??????? ??????????? ???????????? ???????????????? ???????????????? ??????????? ???????????? ???????????? ?????????? . [4] ??? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ????? ??? ??? ?? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ????????. [58] ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ??????. [59] ???? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ??????? ??????????? ?????????????? ???????? ?????????? ?????????? ???????????. [58]

???? ????? [ ??? ]

??????? [ ??? ]

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  4. ^ ? ? ? ? ????? ???????? ???? ?????? 2017-07-29 ?? Wayback Machine [ ???? ?????? ]
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  20. ^ ? ? ????????? ?? ????????.. ????? ?????? ? ???? ????? 2 ?????? 2019 "???? ??????" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-09-22 . ???? ???? ?????? 2022-10-14 . {{ ??????? ??? }} : ????? ?????????: BOT: original URL status unknown ( link )
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  27. ^ ? ? 26 ????? ?? ??? ???????? ????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ???? ?????? 2019-02-13 ?? Wayback Machine
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  33. ^ ? ? ?? ????? ????? ???? ????????? ??? ????????? ? ?? ?? ?? ? 3 ?????? 2019 . ???? ?????? 2019-02-26 ?? Wayback Machine
  34. ^ ? ? ????? ???? ????????? ????????: ???? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ???????? ?????????? ? ?? ?? ?? ? 2 ?????? 2019 . "???? ??????" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-02-25 . ???? ???? ?????? 2019-02-15 . {{ ??????? ??? }} : ????? ?????????: BOT: original URL status unknown ( link )
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????? [ ??? ]

  • Cameron? Averil (2002)? The Mediterranean World in Late Antiquity ? Routledge? ISBN : 978-1-134-98081-9
  • Holes? Clive (2001)? Dialect, Culture, and Society in Eastern Arabia: Glossary ? Brill? ISBN : 978-90-04-10763-2
  • Houtsma? Martijn Theodoor? ?????? (1993)? E.J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913-1936, Volume 5 ? Brill? ISBN : 978-90-04-09791-9
  • Kozah? Mario? Abu-Husayn? Abdulrahim (2014)? The Syriac Writers of Qatar in the Seventh Century ? Gorgias Press, LLC? ISBN : 978-1-4632-0355-9
  • Smart? J. R. (1996)? Tradition and Modernity in Arabic Language and Literature ? Psychology Press? ISBN : 978-0-7007-0411-8

???? ????? [ ??? ]

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