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.
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[72]
???? ?????????? ???? ?? ???? ?????????
???????? ??????
(Pope Innocent IV) ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ???.
?????? ?????????? ??? ??????? ?????? ????
[
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??? ???? ????? ?????????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????. ???? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????????? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ????. ???? ?? ??? ?????????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????. ??? ?????????? ???
?????
?????????? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ???????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ????.
[50]
????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ????.
[73]
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[74]
[75]
????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ???? ??? ???.
[50]
[76]
[77]
(???? ????? ????????).
??? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??? ?????????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ???????.
[78]
?????? ??????? ????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? 644??? ?????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ?? ???
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[76]
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[79]
?? 17 ?? ?????? 644?? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?? ?? ??? ??? ????? ????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ???.
[76]
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[87]
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[90]
? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ???????.
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[93]
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[94]
[95]
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??
20 ??????
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? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ?????
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? ??? ????????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???????? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ?? 21 ??????
[96]
??? ??? ??? ????? (???? ????? ?????? ??????)?
[97]
????? ????? ????????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??? ??? ????????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ????????? ????????? ?? ???? ????? ?????. ???? ????????? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ???????? ???? ???????? ???? ???????? ????????.
[98]
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[100]
? ??? ?? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ????.
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???? ??? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ??????
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? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?????.
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????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????.
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???? ???? ????????? ???? ???????? ??? ????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????
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????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?? ????.
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? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ??????. (????:
????? ????????
).
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? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????? ??? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????
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?? ??? ??????
27 ???
648 ??
? ?? ??? ???????
?? ????? ????
.
[111]
[112]
??? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ????????. ??? ????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ???????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ??????? ??? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????. ????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ????.
[113]
???? ??????? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??? ???? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ????? ???????? ??? ?? ??? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ??????.
[114]
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[115]
?????? ?????? ????
[
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[116]
[117]
[118]
???? ???? ?????? ??? ???
637 ??
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? ????? ???????? ???? ????? ????? ?????????. ???? ?????? ?????????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ????????.
[120]
???? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ????????? ???????? ??????? ???? ????. ??? ???? ??? ???????? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????????. ??? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??.
[121]
??? ????? ????????? ?? ???????? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ????????? ???????? ???? ???? ??????. ???? ????? ??????? ??? ???????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?? ???? ??? ???? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ??.
[122]
[123]
?????? ?????? ???? ???????? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ??? 40 ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ???? ??? 86 ???
[124]
? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?? ???? ????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ??? ????? ??? ?? ??? ???????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??
????? ??? ?????
?????? ????? ????. ??? ????????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ????????? ????????? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ????????.
[125]
?? ??? ?????? ???????? ???? ?????? ?????????? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ????
[118]
? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ???? ???????? ????????.
??????? ?????? ???? ?????????
[
???
]
??? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????.
[126]
???? ???? ?? ?? ????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ????.
[127]
??? ??? ?? ????:
- ???? ??????
: ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? 638??? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ?????
???????
? ????? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ???? (???????). ??? ???? ?? ???????? ????? ?? ???? ?????.
[128]
- ????? ????????
: ??? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? 640?? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????????.
[129]
- ???? ?????? ????
: ???? ?????
????????
???? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? 640?? ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ???????? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ?? ??????? ?????? ??????
????????
???? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????
?????????
.
- ??????? ????????
: ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ??? 639?? ?????? ??? ??????? ????????. ???? ???? ??????? ???????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ???.??? ?????? ???? ??????.
[130]
- ???? ?????
: ?????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? (
??? ?????
???? ???)
[131]
..
- ??? ?????
: ???? ???
??? ??????
?????
???? ??? ?????
.
[127]
- ????? ?????
: ????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ??? ??? ????????.
[132]
[133]
???? ?????
[
???
]
???? ????????
[
???
]
??????? ????????
[
???
]
- ??? ????
: ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???????.
- ??? ????
: ????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????
???? ??????
(?????)? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? 2007.
- ??? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?????????
: ??? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? 1971.
- ??? ????
: ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ????????? ??? ????? ???????? ???????? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? 2005
- ??? ????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ????
: ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ????????? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? 1986.
- ??? ????
?
??????? ????????
? ??????? 1358??
- ??? ??????
: ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ???????? ????? 1997
- ??? ????? ??????
: ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ?. ???? ???? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? 1987.
- ????? ????????
: ???? ?????? ?? ????? ???????
????? ?????????? ?????????
? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????? 1998.
- ???? ????? ??????
(????? ??????? ????????): ????? ??? ?????????? ??? ???????? ??????? 1966.
- ???? ????? ?? ??? ??????
: ????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? 1976.
- ???? ????? ?? ??? ?????? : ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ????? ?. ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? 1961.
- ????????
:
?????? ?????? ??? ??????
? ??? ?????? ??????? 1996.
- ????????: ??????? ????????? ???? ????? ???????? ????? ?????? ??????? 1968.
- ??? ????? ????: ???? ????? ???? ????? ????????? ?????????? 2005?
ISBN 977-5245-43-5
- ???? ???? (?????): ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ????? 2008.
- ?? ????? ?? ????
: ????? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? 1983.
- ???? ???? ???? (?????): ??? ?????? ???????? - ??????? ??????? ??????????? ??? ???????? ????????? ???????????? ??????? 2007.
- ?????????
:
??? ?????? ?? ????? ??????
? ??? ?????? ?????.
????? ??? ?????
[
???
]
- Amitai-Preiss, Reuven, Mongols and Mamluks: The Mamluk-Ilkhanid War, 1260-1281? Cambridge
University Press 2004
ISBN 0-521-52290-0
- Amin Maalouf, The Crusades Through Arab Eyes, Schocken books Inc, new York 1984
- Chronicles of the Crusades, Villehardouin and de Joinville, translated by Sir F. Marzials, Dover Publications 2007,
ISBN 0-486-45436-3
- Curtin, Jeremiah, The Mongols, A History, Da Capo Press, Cambridge 2003
- Runciman, Steven, A history of the Crusades 3. Penguin Books, 1987
- (
?????? ??????
) Toynbee, Arnold J., Mankind and mother earth, Oxford university press 1976
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