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?????	1881
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???????	?????? ????????? ???????? ??? ??????? . ; ???? ??????? ????????? ?????? ???? . ; ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? 14 ?????.
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	????? ????? - ?????

???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ????? 1843 ?? ????? ??? . ???? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????????? ?? ???????. ??? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ?????. ?????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??? ???????. ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ???????? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ??? 1899 ??? ??? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ??????? .

??????? ????????? [ ??? ]

??? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ??? 1819, ???? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? . ????? ????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????????? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ??????-?????? ?? ??????? .

????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ???????? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ???????? . ??? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ????????? ????? ?????? . ??? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ? ?? ????? ????????? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ???????. ?????? ??????? ?? ???????? ??????? ???????? ???? ??????? ????? ???????? ? ??? ?????? ?? ????????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? .

?????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? . ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ???????? ?? ??????? ???????? ? ??? ?? ???? ?? ??? ????? ???????? ????????. ??? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ? ????? ???????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ?????? .

???? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ?????????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ??????????? ?????? ??? ????????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????. ???????? ???? ??? ???????????? ?????????? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????. ??? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?????????? ??? ??? 1873 ???? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????- ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????. ??? ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ??? 1877? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?? ?????????? ???????? .

????? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???????? ?????????? ????????? ??? 1873. ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ??????????. ??? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ??? 1880? ??? ?? ???????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ????? ??????.

???? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ?? ??? ??????? ?????????? ???? ???? ???????? ???? ??????? (Earl Granville) ?? ??????????? ?????? ???????? ??? ≪????? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ???????? ???????? ?? ??????? ≫.

???? ???????? ?? ?? ??? ????? ????????? ??? ???????? ??????? ????????? ?? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ???? ?????? ???????? ???? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ??? ???????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ???????? ????????? ??????? ≪??? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ≫. ^[1] ??? ?? ?????? ??????? ( 1881 - 1898 ) ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? . ^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6] ????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ???????? ?? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ??? . ^[5]

???? ?????? ?????? ??????? [ ??? ]

??? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ??????. ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??????????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ??????. ?? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ???????. ????? ????? ???? ????? ????????? ??? ???? ?????? ???????? ???? ????. ^[7]

????? ??????? [ ??? ]

????? ??????? ??? [ ??? ]

???? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ????????? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ???? ?? ???? ????. ??????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ???????. ???? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ???????. ???? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ?? 12 ????? 1881 ????? ?????? ??????? . ^[8]

???? ?????? ??? ???? [ ??? ]

???? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????? ???? ?? ?????????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ???????? ?? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ≪ ????? ≫ ???? ???? ???? ???????. ^[7]

????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??? ????.

???? ???? ???????? [ ??? ]

???? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????? . ????? ????? ??? ???? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ???? ????? ???? ???????? ??? ?????? ?? ????. ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ???????? ??? ??????? . ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ???? . ?? ??? ???? ?? ????? ???????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? . ????? ?? ??????? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? .

???? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ???? ???? ??? ???????? [ ??? ]

??? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ????? ???????? ????? ??? ??? ?? ????????? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ???????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?? ?????. ?? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??? ???????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ??? ?????.

???? ???? ???? [ ??? ]

???? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??????? .

??? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ???? ???? ≪????≫ ?? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ???? .????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ???????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? . ?? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??? ????? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ?????. ^[8]

???? ???? [ ??? ]

??? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? . ??? 9 ?????? 1881 ???? ????? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ?????.

??? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ????. ??? ??? ???? ???? ?? ?????????? ?? ???? 1882 ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????. ^[8]

???? ??????? [ ??? ]

???? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ?? 4000 ???? ???? ?? 15 ???? 1882 ?????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? . ?? ??? ???? ??? 6000 ???? ???? ??? ????? (???? ????? ) ????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??? 100 ??? ????.

???? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????? . ????? ??? ???????? ????? ?? ????? .

??? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ??≪ ????? ≫ ????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? 22 ???? 1882 ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????. ??? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ???????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????? . ????? 1000 ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ??????.

??? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????. ???? ????? ???????? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????????? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ???????. ^[8]

??? ??????? ??????? [ ??? ]

???? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ??? ????:

??? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ?????. ??? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ???????? ???? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???????.
????? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ???????. ??? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ???≪ ??? ??????? ≫ ??? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ????? .
??? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??. ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ?????. ^[9]

?????? ??? ?????? [ ??? ]

???? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ????? 1882 ????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ???? 30,000 ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ???????? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ???????? .

??? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ????????? : ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ???? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????. ??? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ???????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ??????? ?? 8 ?????? 1882.

????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????????. ??? ????????? ???? ???????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?? ????????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????. ????? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ???????.

???? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ??????. ????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ????.

???? ???? ???? ?? 3000 ???? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????. ??? ???? ??? ?? ?? ???? ???????? ?? ????. ??? ???? ????? ?????????? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ??????. ??? ??????? ???? ???? ?? 5 ????? 1883 ????? ?????? ?? 17 ????? 1883 ??? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ??? . ^[8]

???? ??? [ ??? ]

??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??? ????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?? 8000 ???? ????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ???????. ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? 1882. ????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ????? . ??? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ??????? ???????? ??? ??? ?????? ???????? ????? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ????? ????.

??? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ???. ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ????????? ???????? . ??? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ???????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ??????.

??? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? . ??? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?????? . ???? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????? ?????????: ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????. ????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????. ??? ???? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ????????? ????? ????? ???? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ??????.

?? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????????. ???? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ???????? ??????? ????? ?? 3 ?????? ??? 1883.

????? ????? ??? [ ??? ]

???? ???????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ???????? ??? ???? ?????. ??? ???? ????? ?? ≪ ??? ????? ≫ ???? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?????: ??? ????? ?? ???? ???????? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?????.

???? ????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????????? ????????? ???? ???? ?????? . ??? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ??????. ^[8]

???? ??????? ?? ??????? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ???????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ????????? ?? ??? . ???? ??? ???? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? . ^[9]

????? [ ??? ]

^ Mortimer, Edward, Faith and Power , Vintage, 1982, p. 77.
^ S. Hassan? Wail (2017). The Oxford Handbook of Arab Novelistic Traditions . Oxford University Press. ISBN : 9780199349791 . ...Forced conversation to Islam takes place in western Sudan during the Mahdist revolt against the British
^ Boyle? Kevin (2013). Freedom of Religion and Belief: A World Report . Routledge. ISBN : 9781134722297 . .. Since 1989 the Copts?up to 200,000 followers of the Egyptian Coptic Orthodox Church - have also been persecuted. Their ancestors had been forced to convert to Islam under the Mahdist state (1881?98)..
^ S. Kramer? Robert (2013). Historical Dictionary of the Sudan . Scarecrow Press. ?. 117. ISBN : 97808108794097 . {{ ??????? ????? }}: ???? ?? ??? |isbn= ??????: ??? ( ?????? )
^ ^? ^? Minority Rights Group International, World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples ? Sudan : Copts, 2008, available at: https://www.refworld.org/docid/49749ca6c.html [accessed 21 December 2010] "???? ??????" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2012-10-17 . ???? ???? ?????? 2019-08-25 . {{ ??????? ??? }}: ????? ?????????: BOT: original URL status unknown ( link )
^ ????? ???????: ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ???????? ? ?? ?? ?? ? 9 ????? 2011 . ???? ?????? 05 ?????? 2018 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
^ ^? ^? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ? ??????? ???? ???? ? ???? ?????? ???? ??????, 1319 ?????? http://www.archive.org/stream/kitabalsudan01fawzuoft#page/n796/mode/2up
^ ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ??????? ????? ??????? ????????? ?????? 1881-1899 ????? ? ? ???????? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ???????
^ ^? ^? ? ??? ????? ? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??? ??????

?? ????? ??? ?????? ??: ?????? ???????

[mortimer-1] Mortimer, Edward, Faith and Power , Vintage, 1982, p. 77.

[The_Oxford_Handbook_of_Arab_Novelistic_Traditions-2] S. Hassan? Wail (2017). The Oxford Handbook of Arab Novelistic Traditions . Oxford University Press. ISBN : 9780199349791 . ...Forced conversation to Islam takes place in western Sudan during the Mahdist revolt against the British

[Freedom_of_Religion_and_Belief:_A_World_Report-3] Boyle? Kevin (2013). Freedom of Religion and Belief: A World Report . Routledge. ISBN : 9781134722297 . .. Since 1989 the Copts?up to 200,000 followers of the Egyptian Coptic Orthodox Church - have also been persecuted. Their ancestors had been forced to convert to Islam under the Mahdist state (1881?98)..

[Historical_Dictionary_of_the_Sudan-4] S. Kramer? Robert (2013). Historical Dictionary of the Sudan . Scarecrow Press. ?. 117. ISBN : 97808108794097 . {{ ??????? ????? }}: ???? ?? ??? |isbn= ??????: ??? ( ?????? )

[unhcr1-5] ? ^? Minority Rights Group International, World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples ? Sudan : Copts, 2008, available at: https://www.refworld.org/docid/49749ca6c.html [accessed 21 December 2010] "???? ??????" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2012-10-17 . ???? ???? ?????? 2019-08-25 . {{ ??????? ??? }}: ????? ?????????: BOT: original URL status unknown ( link )

[مولد_تلقائيا3-6] ????? ???????: ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ???????? ? ?? ?? ?? ? 9 ????? 2011 . ???? ?????? 05 ?????? 2018 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .

[فوزي-7] ? ^? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ? ??????? ???? ???? ? ???? ?????? ???? ??????, 1319 ?????? http://www.archive.org/stream/kitabalsudan01fawzuoft#page/n796/mode/2up

[mahadist-8] ? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ??????? ????? ??????? ????????? ?????? 1881-1899 ????? ? ? ???????? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ???????

[:3-9] ? ^? ? ??? ????? ? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??? ??????

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

? ? ? ??????? ??????????? ???????????? ??????????
????? ?????? ???	Virginia (1609?46) Swally (1612) ???? (1622) Saint Kitts (1626) Quebec (1628) ??? ???????? Acadia (1654?67) ????? ?????????? ????????? (1654 ? 1660) ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? (1664) ??? ????? ????? ????? ???????-?????? ??? ????? ?????? Ghana (1694?1700)
????? ?????? ???	??? ?????? ?? Tuscarora War (1711?15) Yamasee War (1715?17) ??? ???? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ???????? ???? ????? (1749?55) ????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ???????-??????? First Carib War (1769?73) ??? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ????????? ????????? First Anglo?Maratha War (1775?82) ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? Gold Coast (1781?82) Sumatra (1782?84) ???? ?????? ?????????? Nootka Sound (1789) ????? ???????-??????? ??????? Cotiote (Wayanad) War (1793?1806) Cape Colony (1795) Jamaica (1795?96) Ceylon (1795) ???? ?????? Malta (1798?1800) ????? ?????????? ?????????? ??????? Dwyer's Guerrilla Campaign (1799?1803)
????? ?????? ???	Newfoundland (1800) ???? ????? ???? ??? Second Anglo?Maratha War (1803?05) Suriname (1804) Guiana (1804) Cape Colony (1806) ??? ?? ?? ????? (1806?07) ???? ??? (1807) Froberg mutiny (1807) Reunion (1809) ????? ???? Mauritius (1810) ??? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ???????? ??? ??????? ??? 1812 ????? ?????????? ????????? Guadeloupe (1815) Cape Colony (1815) ??? ??????? (1816) ????? ?????????? ????????? ??????? (1817?18) Guiana (1823) ???? ??????? ??????????? ???????? ????? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????????? Malacca (1831?33) ???? ???? ?????? Upper Canada (1837?38) ????? ??????? - ????????? (1839-1841) ????? ?????????? ????????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????????? (1845?72) ??? ????? ?????? Rio de la Plata (1845?50) British Honduras (1847?1901) Ceylon (1848) ??? ????? ??????? ????? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????????? ???????? ??? ??????? ??????? ????????? ??????? (1857?59) Ambela Campaign (1863?64) Bhutan War (1864?65) ????? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ??? ?????? Manitoba (1870) Perak (1875?76) ????? ?????????? ???????? ????? ?????????? ????????? ??????? (1879?80) Basutoland (1880?81) ??? ?????? ?????? (1880?81) ?????? ??????? (1881?99) ????? ?????????? ??????? (1882) ???? ?????? ?????? Central Africa (1886?89) ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? Hazara (1888) Mashonaland (1890) Hunza-Nagar Campaign (1891) ??? ???????-??????? ??? ???????? ?????? North Borneo (1894?1905) Chitral Expedition (1895) ???? ?????? ????? ?????????? ?????????? ??? ???????? ??????? ???? ???? 1897 Siege of Malakand (1897) First Mohmand Campaign (1897?98) Tirah campaign (1897?98) ??? ?????? ????? (1899) ??????? ????????? (1898?1901) ??? ?????? ???????
????? ???????	Somaliland (1900?20) ????? ???????????? ?????? ?????????? ??? ????? Bambatha Rebellion (1906) ???? ?????? Tochi (1914?15) Nyasaland (1915) Nigeria (1915) Peshawar (1915) Mohmand (1916?17) Nigeria (1918) ????? ?????????? ????????? ??????? (1919) Waziristan campaign (1919?1920) ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ??????? (1927?30) Tirah (1930?31) ???? ???? ???????? (1931?32) Second Mohmand Campaign (1935) ???? ?????? 1936 Waziristan campaign (1936?1939) Ethiopia (1943) ????? ??????? (1945?46) ????? ???????? Sarawak (1946?50) ??????? ?????????? (1948?60) ??????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????? ???? ?????? (1956) ???? ???? Brunei (1962) ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? (1962?66) ???? 14 ?????? ????????? (1982)

? ? ? ?????? ????????
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??????? ??????	?????? ?????? 1881 ????? ?????????? ??? ?????????? ?????? ??????? (1882) ????? ??? ?????? ????? ???????? ????? ???? ??????
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